【摘要】：隨著全球變暖和北極海冰融化范圍的逐步擴(kuò)大，如何更好地開發(fā)和利用北極成為目前國際事務(wù)中的一個重要議題。面對北極地區(qū)的新形勢，環(huán)北極八國成立了一個政府間的高級論壇——北極理事會，，這為各國開展相互交流與合作提供了有利平臺。同時，北極理事會也具有一定的開放性。除正式成員方之外，北極理事會還接納符合條件的非北極主權(quán)國家和國際組織以觀察員的身份參與到理事會的具體事務(wù)之中。2013年5月，北極理事會的第八次部長級會議在基律納召開，在會議上，中國正式取得了觀察員身份，成為理事會的觀察員國家，邁出了參與北極治理里程碑式的重要一步。目前，國內(nèi)針對北極理事會的研究還并不多見，對其中觀察員制度的探討更是少之又少。借助中國新近取得觀察員身份的契機(jī)，彌補(bǔ)這方面國際法研究中的空白具有重要意義。本文對北極理事會中的觀察員制度進(jìn)行國際法方面的審視。在此基礎(chǔ)上，分析中國作為觀察員國家所擁有的權(quán)利空間和受到的限制，并提出中國的應(yīng)對戰(zhàn)略。 從結(jié)構(gòu)上看，本文一共分為六個部分，緒論和結(jié)論之外，正文部分又具體劃分成四章。 第一章是“北極理事會的法律屬性及其在北極治理中的轉(zhuǎn)型”。首先，本部分詳細(xì)闡述了北極理事會的基本問題，包括理事會的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展歷史、組成及具體運轉(zhuǎn)等問題。在此基礎(chǔ)上，提出了北極理事會的國際法屬性，目前的北極理事會仍是一個環(huán)北極八國政府間的高級論壇。面對北極國際局勢與北極治理的新發(fā)展，北極理事會的立法功能逐漸體現(xiàn)，這種新功用的出現(xiàn)將會極大地推動北極治理取得新進(jìn)展，北極理事會正在完成向區(qū)域性政府間國際組織的轉(zhuǎn)變。 第二章是“北極理事會觀察員制度的基本內(nèi)容”。本部分從觀察員制度的形成和發(fā)展出發(fā)，介紹了觀察員制度的基本問題。接著，又分別按照權(quán)利范圍和成員性質(zhì)劃分了北極理事會觀察員的構(gòu)成。最后，重點分析了《觀察員手冊》指導(dǎo)下的北極理事會觀察員制度的具體內(nèi)容，包括北極理事會觀察員的資格取得和具體的參會制度。 第三章是“北極理事會觀察員制度對北極法律新秩序的影響”。這部分從國際法的另一角度對北極理事會觀察員制度進(jìn)行了審視，分析了其對于北極法律新秩序的影響。具體又包括對北極法律制度走向的影響和對北極法律爭端解決的影響兩個方面。 第四章是“中國面臨的局勢與因應(yīng)”。研究北極理事會的觀察員制度，其根本落腳點在于研究中國所面臨的局勢與應(yīng)對之策。本章具體分為三部分內(nèi)容，其中，觀察員身份對于中國北極權(quán)益的積極影響和使中國受到的限制分別從正反兩個方面對中國成為北極理事會觀察員的問題進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)論證。在此基礎(chǔ)上，提出了中國的應(yīng)對戰(zhàn)略。
[Abstract]:With the gradual expansion of the range of global warming and Arctic sea ice melting, how to better exploit and utilize the Arctic has become an important issue in current international affairs. In the face of the new situation in the Arctic region, the eight countries around the Arctic have set up a high-level intergovernmental forum, the Arctic Council, which provides a favorable platform for the exchange and cooperation among countries. At the same time, the Arctic Council also has a certain degree of openness. In addition to its full membership, the Arctic Council also admits eligible non-Arctic sovereign States and international organizations to participate as observers in the specific affairs of the Council. In May 2013, At the eighth ministerial meeting of the Arctic Council, held in Kiruna, China formally obtained observer status, became an observer state of the Council, and took an important step forward in participating in the milestone of Arctic governance. At present, there are few researches on Arctic Council in China, especially on observer system. It is of great significance to take advantage of China's new observer status to fill the gaps in the study of international law in this area. This paper examines the observer system in the Arctic Council in international law. On this basis, this paper analyzes the power space and limitation of China as an observer country, and puts forward its countermeasures. From the structural point of view, this paper is divided into six parts, in addition to the introduction and conclusion, the text is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is the legal attribute of Arctic Council and its transformation in Arctic governance. First of all, this part elaborates the basic problems of the Arctic Council, including the history, composition and operation of the Council. On this basis, the international law attribute of the Arctic Council is proposed. The current Arctic Council is still a high-level forum between the eight governments around the Arctic. In the face of the international situation in the Arctic and the new development of Arctic governance, the legislative function of the Arctic Council is gradually reflected. The emergence of this new function will greatly promote new progress in Arctic governance. The Arctic Council is completing the transition to a regional intergovernmental international organization. The second chapter is the basic content of the Arctic Council Observer system. This part introduces the basic problems of observer system from the formation and development of observer system. Then, the composition of the Arctic Council observers is divided according to the scope of power and the nature of membership. Finally, the detailed contents of the Arctic Council observer system under the guidance of the Observer Manual are analyzed, including the qualification of the Arctic Council observer and the specific participation system. The third chapter is the influence of the Arctic Council Observer system on the new Arctic legal order. This part examines the observer system of the Arctic Council from another angle of international law and analyzes its influence on the new legal order of the Arctic. It also includes two aspects: the influence on the trend of Arctic legal system and the influence on Arctic legal dispute settlement. The fourth chapter is the situation and response of China. The fundamental purpose of studying the observer system of the Arctic Council is to study the situation and countermeasures faced by China. This chapter is divided into three parts, among which, the positive impact of observer status on China's Arctic rights and interests and the limitations on China are discussed in detail from the positive and negative aspects. On this basis, put forward China's coping strategy.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D993.9

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