WTO框架下人民幣匯率補(bǔ)貼論研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-12-11 12:16
【摘要】：近幾年來(lái)，有關(guān)人民幣匯率的爭(zhēng)論越演越烈。2000年，日本率先對(duì)人民幣匯率發(fā)難，認(rèn)為人民幣被低估，要求升值。2003年后，美國(guó)取代日本成為指責(zé)人民幣匯率被操縱的先鋒和主力。美國(guó)試圖要求IMF認(rèn)定中國(guó)政府操縱人民幣匯率，但是由于操縱匯率的主觀要件難以認(rèn)定，IMF拒絕了美國(guó)的要求，所以美國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)而向WTO尋求制裁中國(guó)的可能性，由此造成人民幣補(bǔ)貼論甚囂塵上。本文通過(guò)對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者有關(guān)觀點(diǎn)和論證的對(duì)比分析，從《SCM協(xié)定》入手，介紹了補(bǔ)貼的相關(guān)理論基礎(chǔ)以及人民幣匯率補(bǔ)貼論的主要內(nèi)容，并分析了人民幣匯率論中涉及到的一些法律問(wèn)題，得出要想討論人民幣匯率構(gòu)成補(bǔ)貼必須滿足三個(gè)前提:必須是影響到國(guó)際貿(mào)易的匯率行為;人民幣匯率被低估;WTO有管轄權(quán)。并且在《SCM協(xié)定》下，由于人民幣匯率被低估，人民幣匯率構(gòu)成了財(cái)政資助，中國(guó)人民銀行通過(guò)外匯指定銀行以結(jié)售匯的方式授予了出口商資金，構(gòu)成了資金的直接轉(zhuǎn)移，根據(jù)“匯率問(wèn)題顧問(wèn)組（CGER）構(gòu)造的均衡市場(chǎng)匯率，出口商獲得了其在市場(chǎng)條件下所不能獲得的利益，因此構(gòu)成了《SCM協(xié)定》第1.1條a項(xiàng)第1款中（i）項(xiàng)所指的補(bǔ)貼。在專(zhuān)向性審查中，因?yàn)榇隧?xiàng)補(bǔ)貼以出口實(shí)績(jī)?yōu)闂l件，所以人民幣匯率可能構(gòu)成WTO下的禁止性出口補(bǔ)貼。雖然有這樣的可能性，但是我國(guó)仍然應(yīng)該積極地將此案提交到WTO框架內(nèi)去解決，避免美國(guó)等西方國(guó)家采取國(guó)內(nèi)法來(lái)解決；另外，提交WTO之后，WTO雖然有管轄權(quán)，但是不能越俎代庖來(lái)解決本屬于IMF決定的匯率問(wèn)題。IMF對(duì)匯率問(wèn)題擁有實(shí)質(zhì)管轄權(quán)。GATT15條第9款為符合IMF的外匯措施在違反WTO規(guī)則的情況下提供了例外。由于根據(jù)IMF無(wú)法認(rèn)定中國(guó)操縱匯率，所以某種意義上說(shuō)，即使構(gòu)成出口補(bǔ)貼，也可以成為WTO框架下的豁免。最后，也是最根本的是要逐步加快匯率市場(chǎng)化建設(shè)，，這也是中國(guó)匯率制度真正避免被人詬病的方法。本文的研究意義在于認(rèn)識(shí)到了人民幣匯率問(wèn)題構(gòu)成WTO框架下出口補(bǔ)貼的可能性，并提出了中國(guó)面臨這樣的境況可以采取的一些對(duì)策。
[Abstract]:In recent years, the debate over the RMB exchange rate has intensified. In 2000, Japan took the lead in criticizing the RMB exchange rate, believing that the RMB was undervalued and demanding appreciation. After 2003, The United States replaced Japan as the vanguard and main force accusing the yuan of being manipulated. The United States tried to ask the IMF to determine that the Chinese government manipulated the RMB exchange rate, but because the subjective elements of the manipulation of the exchange rate were difficult to determine, the IMF rejected the request of the United States, so the United States turned to the WTO for the possibility of sanctioning China. As a result, RMB subsidy theory is rampant. Based on the comparative analysis of the views and arguments of domestic and foreign scholars, this paper introduces the theoretical basis of subsidy and the main contents of the theory of RMB exchange rate subsidy, starting with the "SCM Agreement". It also analyzes some legal issues involved in RMB exchange rate theory and concludes that to discuss RMB exchange rate component subsidies must satisfy three prerequisites: it must be the exchange rate behavior that affects international trade; The renminbi is undervalued; the WTO has jurisdiction. And under the "SCM Agreement," because the RMB exchange rate is undervalued, the RMB exchange rate constitutes financial support. The people's Bank of China, through designated foreign exchange banks, grants the exporter funds in the form of foreign exchange settlement, which constitutes a direct transfer of funds. According to the equilibrium market exchange rate constructed by the Group of Advisers on Exchange rate (CGER), the exporter has obtained benefits that he could not obtain under market conditions and thus constitutes a subsidy referred to in article 1.1 (a) (1) of the SCM Agreement. In the ad hoc review, because the subsidy is conditional on export performance, the renminbi exchange rate could constitute a prohibited export subsidy under the WTO. Although there is such a possibility, our country should actively submit the case to the WTO framework to solve it, and avoid the United States and other Western countries to adopt domestic law to solve the problem. In addition, after submitting the WTO, WTO has jurisdiction, The IMF has substantial jurisdiction over the exchange rate. Section 9 of GATT15 provides an exception for foreign exchange measures in compliance with the IMF rules in case of violation of WTO rules. Because China cannot be held to manipulate its currency under the IMF, it could, in a sense, become an exemption under the WTO, even if it constituted an export subsidy. Finally, the most fundamental is to speed up the construction of exchange rate marketization, which is the real way to avoid being criticized for China's exchange rate regime. The research significance of this paper is to recognize the possibility that the RMB exchange rate constitutes the export subsidy under the framework of WTO, and to put forward some countermeasures that China can take in the face of such a situation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海交通大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D996.2
本文編號(hào)：2372532
[Abstract]:In recent years, the debate over the RMB exchange rate has intensified. In 2000, Japan took the lead in criticizing the RMB exchange rate, believing that the RMB was undervalued and demanding appreciation. After 2003, The United States replaced Japan as the vanguard and main force accusing the yuan of being manipulated. The United States tried to ask the IMF to determine that the Chinese government manipulated the RMB exchange rate, but because the subjective elements of the manipulation of the exchange rate were difficult to determine, the IMF rejected the request of the United States, so the United States turned to the WTO for the possibility of sanctioning China. As a result, RMB subsidy theory is rampant. Based on the comparative analysis of the views and arguments of domestic and foreign scholars, this paper introduces the theoretical basis of subsidy and the main contents of the theory of RMB exchange rate subsidy, starting with the "SCM Agreement". It also analyzes some legal issues involved in RMB exchange rate theory and concludes that to discuss RMB exchange rate component subsidies must satisfy three prerequisites: it must be the exchange rate behavior that affects international trade; The renminbi is undervalued; the WTO has jurisdiction. And under the "SCM Agreement," because the RMB exchange rate is undervalued, the RMB exchange rate constitutes financial support. The people's Bank of China, through designated foreign exchange banks, grants the exporter funds in the form of foreign exchange settlement, which constitutes a direct transfer of funds. According to the equilibrium market exchange rate constructed by the Group of Advisers on Exchange rate (CGER), the exporter has obtained benefits that he could not obtain under market conditions and thus constitutes a subsidy referred to in article 1.1 (a) (1) of the SCM Agreement. In the ad hoc review, because the subsidy is conditional on export performance, the renminbi exchange rate could constitute a prohibited export subsidy under the WTO. Although there is such a possibility, our country should actively submit the case to the WTO framework to solve it, and avoid the United States and other Western countries to adopt domestic law to solve the problem. In addition, after submitting the WTO, WTO has jurisdiction, The IMF has substantial jurisdiction over the exchange rate. Section 9 of GATT15 provides an exception for foreign exchange measures in compliance with the IMF rules in case of violation of WTO rules. Because China cannot be held to manipulate its currency under the IMF, it could, in a sense, become an exemption under the WTO, even if it constituted an export subsidy. Finally, the most fundamental is to speed up the construction of exchange rate marketization, which is the real way to avoid being criticized for China's exchange rate regime. The research significance of this paper is to recognize the possibility that the RMB exchange rate constitutes the export subsidy under the framework of WTO, and to put forward some countermeasures that China can take in the face of such a situation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海交通大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D996.2
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