發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-11-06 08:40

【摘要】：自北極通航以來,北極海域環(huán)境保護(hù)問題尤其是船舶油污問題越來越受到國際社會(huì)重視。在復(fù)雜而脆弱的北極海域環(huán)境面前,油污防備顯得彌足重要。北極海域油污防備是針對航行于北極海域的船舶所排放的油類進(jìn)行規(guī)制的活動(dòng)。因北極海洋環(huán)境的特殊性,其具有不同于一般海域的油污防備要求。本文將分為五章,對北極海域油污防備的一些重要法律問題進(jìn)行分析。第一章闡述了北極海域油污防備的理論基礎(chǔ)。內(nèi)容上首先界定了北極海域油污防備的定義,并比較了北極海域油污防備和一般海域油污防備、北極海域油污防止的異同,得出北極海域油污防備的特殊性,包括油污防備的困難性和嚴(yán)格性。其次分析了北極海域油污防備適用的法律原則。最后根據(jù)《極地規(guī)則》的制定以及相關(guān)國家的立法實(shí)踐,論述了北極海域油污防備的發(fā)展趨勢。第二章探討了北極海域油污防備相關(guān)國家的管轄權(quán)問題。從管轄權(quán)的行使主體、類型和范圍三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行闡述,并在此基礎(chǔ)上總結(jié)了北極海域油污防備相關(guān)國家管轄權(quán)現(xiàn)存的問題并提供了相關(guān)的解決路徑。這些現(xiàn)存的問題包括:北極沿海國管轄過度、船旗國管轄不足和管轄權(quán)競合;相應(yīng)的解決途徑是:制定"冰封區(qū)域"執(zhí)行協(xié)定、加強(qiáng)國際海事組織的監(jiān)督作用以及加強(qiáng)溝通機(jī)制。第三章論證了北極海域油污防備相關(guān)國家的義務(wù)的相關(guān)問題。文章首先分析了義務(wù)的來源,義務(wù)直接來源于國家基本權(quán)利。其次討論了北極海域油污防備相關(guān)國家的義務(wù)的目的,目的在于保障國家權(quán)利的實(shí)現(xiàn),這些國家權(quán)利包括但不限于油污防備管轄權(quán)。再者界定了北極海域油污防備相關(guān)國家義務(wù)的范疇,包括制定和執(zhí)行油污防備法律法規(guī)、油污報(bào)告、建立油污防備系統(tǒng)以及油污防備國際合作。最后具體分析了相關(guān)國家在北極海域油污防備方面履行義務(wù)的方式。第四章介紹和分析了北極海域油污防備的國外立法及實(shí)踐,包括主要的北極沿海國、港口國、船旗國和北極理事會(huì)的立法及實(shí)踐,并總結(jié)了這些國外立法實(shí)踐對我國的借鑒之處,主要包括船舶建造標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和船員配備要求、船舶油污應(yīng)急計(jì)劃制定和油污排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)三個(gè)方面的借鑒。第五章圍繞國外立法實(shí)踐對我國借鑒以及北極海域油污防備發(fā)展趨勢討論了我國北極海域油污防備立法的現(xiàn)狀和存在的問題,包括缺乏北極航行防油污操作法律法規(guī)、北極船舶油污應(yīng)急計(jì)劃不完善以及北極海域油污防備立法科研進(jìn)展相對緩慢等問題,并提供了完善北極航行油污防備法律法規(guī)、完善船舶油污應(yīng)急計(jì)劃和國際合作加快立法科研進(jìn)展等完善對策。
[Abstract]:Since Arctic navigation, the problem of environmental protection in Arctic area, especially the problem of ship oil pollution, has been paid more and more attention by the international community. In the face of the complex and fragile Arctic sea environment, oil pollution preparedness is important. Oil pollution preparedness in the Arctic is an activity to regulate the oil discharged by ships sailing in the Arctic. Because of the particularity of Arctic marine environment, it has different requirements of oil pollution preparedness. This paper will be divided into five chapters to analyze some important legal issues of oil pollution preparedness in Arctic waters. The first chapter describes the theoretical basis of oil pollution preparedness in Arctic waters. First of all, it defines the definition of oil pollution preparedness in the Arctic sea area, and compares the oil pollution preparedness in the Arctic sea area with the oil pollution preparedness in the general sea area, and the similarities and differences in the oil pollution prevention in the Arctic sea area. The particularity of the oil pollution preparedness in the Arctic sea area is obtained. Including the difficulty and rigour of oil pollution preparedness. Secondly, it analyzes the applicable legal principles of oil pollution prevention in Arctic area. Finally, according to the formulation of Polar rules and the legislative practice of relevant countries, the development trend of oil pollution preparedness in Arctic waters is discussed. The second chapter discusses the jurisdiction of the countries concerned with oil pollution preparedness in the Arctic. This paper expounds the main body, type and scope of the exercise of jurisdiction, and on this basis summarizes the existing problems of the relevant national jurisdiction over oil pollution preparedness in Arctic waters and provides the relevant solutions. These existing problems include: excessive jurisdiction of Arctic coastal States, inadequate jurisdiction of flag States and competing jurisdictions; The corresponding solutions are to make the implementation agreement of the "frozen area", to strengthen the supervisory role of the International Maritime Organization and to strengthen the communication mechanism. The third chapter demonstrates the relevant issues of the obligations of the countries concerned with oil pollution preparedness in Arctic waters. The article first analyzes the source of the obligation, which comes directly from the basic rights of the state. Secondly, the purpose of the obligation of the countries concerned in oil pollution preparedness in the Arctic is discussed. The purpose is to guarantee the realization of the national rights, which include, but are not limited to, the jurisdiction of oil pollution preparedness. Furthermore, it defines the scope of the national obligations related to oil pollution preparedness in the Arctic, including the formulation and implementation of oil pollution preparedness laws and regulations, oil pollution reporting, the establishment of oil pollution preparedness systems and international cooperation on oil pollution preparedness. Finally, the paper analyzes the ways that the countries concerned fulfill their obligations in the Arctic oil pollution preparedness. The fourth chapter introduces and analyzes the foreign legislation and practice of oil pollution preparedness in the Arctic, including the major Arctic coastal States, port States, flag States and Arctic Council legislation and practice. It also summarizes the reference of these foreign legislative practices to our country, mainly including ship construction standards and crew configuration requirements, ship oil pollution emergency plan formulation and oil pollution discharge standards for reference. The fifth chapter discusses the current situation and existing problems of oil pollution preparedness legislation in the Arctic sea area, including the lack of laws and regulations on anti-oil pollution operation in Arctic navigation, based on the reference of foreign legislative practice to our country and the development trend of oil pollution preparedness in Arctic waters. The Arctic ships' oil pollution contingency plan is not perfect and the research progress of the Arctic oil pollution preparedness legislation is relatively slow, and has provided for the perfection of the Arctic navigation oil pollution preparedness laws and regulations. Improve the ship oil pollution emergency plan and international cooperation to speed up the progress of legislative research and other perfect countermeasures.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：大連海事大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D996.9

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