【摘要】：國家及其財(cái)產(chǎn)管轄豁免是一項(xiàng)習(xí)慣國際法原則，，國家豁免自產(chǎn)生以來，就有限制豁免主義和絕對(duì)豁免主義兩個(gè)流派，20世紀(jì)以來，各國紛紛轉(zhuǎn)向限制豁免主義的立場，一些重要的國際法文件在確認(rèn)國家享有國家豁免的同時(shí)紛紛規(guī)定了若干不得援引國家豁免的例外。 本文以國家管轄豁免的例外為研究對(duì)象，結(jié)合各國最具代表性的國內(nèi)立法和國際上影響較大的條約的規(guī)定，分析目前國際上廣泛承認(rèn)的不得援引國家豁免的例外。 第一章主要介紹了國家豁免的基本理論，即國家豁免的基本內(nèi)涵，限制豁免與絕對(duì)豁免兩大主張以及代表性的國內(nèi)立法（美國1976年《外國主權(quán)豁免法案》和英國1978年的《國家豁免法》）和國際立法（《歐洲國家豁免公約》和《聯(lián)合國國家及其財(cái)產(chǎn)管轄豁免公約》）所規(guī)定的不得援引國家豁免的例外。 第二章重點(diǎn)介紹了實(shí)踐中最普遍也是爭議最大的商業(yè)交易例外，結(jié)合國內(nèi)外立法厘清了商業(yè)交易的定義，從事商業(yè)交易的主體以及實(shí)踐中最難區(qū)分的商業(yè)交易的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 第三章介紹了國家從事侵權(quán)行為例外，結(jié)合國際國內(nèi)立法和司法實(shí)踐指出了國家從事侵權(quán)行為的各種情況及法院行使管轄權(quán)的要件，并在最后一節(jié)討論了重點(diǎn)討論了違反人權(quán)的案件及這些案件中所涉及的國家豁免問題。 第四章介紹了仲裁協(xié)定例外，首先闡述了國家豁免與仲裁和仲裁協(xié)定的關(guān)系，并從立法和司法實(shí)踐這兩個(gè)方面介紹了存在仲裁協(xié)定的情況下國家不得援引國家豁免的事項(xiàng)范圍。 第五章首先分析了中國目前在國家豁免問題上的基本立場，其依據(jù)是中國在參與制定《聯(lián)合國國家及其財(cái)產(chǎn)管轄豁免公約》所體現(xiàn)的基本態(tài)度，中國的相關(guān)立法及司法實(shí)踐。并指出在新的歷史形勢下中國在國家豁免問題上應(yīng)堅(jiān)持的思路和所應(yīng)采取的措施并提出了立法建議。
[Abstract]:The jurisdictional immunity of States and their property is a principle of customary international law. Since its emergence, there have been two schools of restricted immunity and absolute immunity. Since the 20th century, countries have turned to the position of limiting immunity. Some important international law documents, while confirming the state immunity of the state, have stipulated a number of exceptions which may not be invoked. In this paper, the exception of the immunity from national jurisdiction is taken as the research object, combined with the most representative domestic legislation of each country and the provisions of the most influential treaties in the world, the article analyzes the exceptions widely recognized by the international community at present which cannot be invoked against the invocation of the immunity of the state. The first chapter mainly introduces the basic theory of state immunity, that is, the basic connotation of state immunity. Restrictions on immunity and absolute immunity as well as representative domestic legislation (United States of America's 1976 Foreign sovereignty Immunities Act and the United Kingdom's 1978 National Immunities Act) and international legislation (European Convention on State Immunities and United Nations Convention on jurisdictional Immunities of States and their property. The second chapter focuses on the most common and controversial exceptions to commercial transactions in practice, and clarifies the definition of commercial transactions, the subjects engaged in commercial transactions and the judgment criteria of the most difficult commercial transactions in practice. The third chapter introduces the exception of torts by the state, and points out all kinds of situations in which the state engages in torts and the elements of the jurisdiction of the court in combination with international and domestic legislation and judicial practice. The final section focuses on cases of human rights violations and the immunity of States involved in those cases. The fourth chapter introduces the exception of arbitration agreement. Firstly, it expounds the relationship between state immunity and arbitration agreement, and introduces the scope of matters in which the state may not invoke the state immunity in the presence of arbitration agreement from the aspects of legislation and judicial practice. The fifth chapter first analyzes China's current basic position on the issue of state immunity, which is based on China's basic attitude in participating in the formulation of the United Nations Convention on jurisdictional Immunities of States and their property, and on China's relevant legislation and judicial practice. The author also points out the ideas and measures that China should adhere to on the issue of state immunity under the new historical situation and puts forward some legislative suggestions.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：外交學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D992

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