WTO體制下公共道德例外條款研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-20 09:39
【摘要】：例外條款在WTO體系中具有非常重要的作用,WTO體制下的多項協(xié)定都規(guī)定了例外條款,其中兩個重要的協(xié)定《關(guān)稅與貿(mào)易總協(xié)定》(以下簡稱“GATT")和《服務(wù)貿(mào)易總協(xié)定》(以下簡稱"GATS")中更是列出了專門的一條來規(guī)定特定情形可以作為違反WTO義務(wù)的抗辯理由,分別表現(xiàn)為GATT第20條和GATS第14條。其中列舉的首個例外情形即為“公共道德”例外條款,由此足見該例外的重要性。本文綜合運用歷史分析、案例分析和比較分析的方法對WTO體制下公共道德例外條款的理論和適用進行研究。 論文的第一部分介紹了WTO體制下公共道德例外條款的制定與發(fā)展。在WTO成立之前,已經(jīng)有許多國際條約都選擇將道德例外作為國際條約的一項豁免理由,這可以說是WTO公共道德例外條款的出臺背景。之后在WTO的兩個重要協(xié)定GATT和GATS中相繼納入了公共道德例外條款。與該條款的積極納入形成鮮明對比的是,該條款被納入后50多年都沒有得到適用和闡明,但是此時公共道德條款仍舊在國際貿(mào)易法中扮演一個較為活躍的角色。 由于正確理解和援用公共道德例外條款的關(guān)鍵在于對“公共道德”內(nèi)涵的解釋,因此,把對該條款的解釋單獨列出來作為論文的第二部分來闡述,借助《維也納條約法公約》規(guī)定的條約解釋方法對“公共道德”術(shù)語的含義進行解釋和界定。此外,鑒于GATS第14條a項增加了“公共秩序”的概念,在本章還對“公共道德”和“公共秩序”的相互關(guān)系做了探討。 論文的第三部分主要結(jié)合援引公共道德例外條款的兩個具體案例即美國——影響跨境提供賭博和博彩服務(wù)的措施案(以下簡稱“美國賭博案”)和中國——影響出版物和娛樂用音像制品貿(mào)易權(quán)和分銷服務(wù)的措施案(以下簡稱“中國出版物案”)來分析對該條款的適用,重點闡釋了專家組和上訴機構(gòu)在這兩個案例中對公共道德例外條款的具體分析。美國賭博案是援引WTO體制下公共道德例外條款的第一案,該案確立了分析公共道德例外條款的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。中國出版物案是新近發(fā)生的相關(guān)案例,在本案中我國以GATT第20條a項的公共道德例外條款作為被訴措施的抗辯理由,雖然沒有成功,但仍然不失為研究公共道德例外的典型案例。通過分析得出本案的專家組和上訴機構(gòu)在分析方法上仍然沿用了先前案子所確立的審查標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 論文的第四部分列舉了個人認為的公共道德例外條款在分析適用中存在的一些問題,主要包括,WTO爭端解決機構(gòu)在對公共道德例外條款進行分析時,對該條款適用時的一個關(guān)鍵問題即“公共道德”的含義是什么以及怎樣確定仍然沒有一個明確的答案；同時,一個按順序的“雙層測試”的分析方法將公共道德例外條款僵硬地分成了兩部分,違背了條約解釋的原則；此外,WTO爭端解決機構(gòu)適用的“必需性”測試審查標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求非常嚴格卻又并不確定。 論文的最后一部分對中國未來針對公共道德例外條款所應(yīng)該采取的態(tài)度與策略提出相應(yīng)的建議。本部分首先查明我國法律中規(guī)定的公共道德貿(mào)易措施的條文,緊接著對我國未來針對公共道德例外條款的適用提出具體的幾點對策。
[Abstract]:Exceptional clauses play a very important role in the WTO system. Many agreements under the WTO system stipulate exceptional clauses. Among them, two important agreements, GATT (hereinafter referred to as GATT) and GATS (hereinafter referred to as GATS), list special clauses to stipulate that specific circumstances can be violated. The first exception is the exception clause of "public morality", which shows the importance of the exception. This paper uses the methods of historical analysis, case analysis and comparative analysis to analyze the theory and application of the exception clause of public morality under the WTO system. Conduct research.
The first part of the thesis introduces the formulation and development of the exceptional clauses of public morality under the WTO system.Before the establishment of WTO, many international treaties have chosen moral exceptions as one of the exceptional exceptions to international treaties.This can be said to be the background of the publication of the exceptional clauses of public morality in WTO.After that, GATT and GATS are two important agreements of WTO. In contrast to the active incorporation of this clause, it has not been applied and clarified for more than 50 years after its incorporation, but the public ethics clause still plays a more active role in international trade law.
Since the key to the correct understanding and application of the exceptional clause of public morality lies in the interpretation of the connotation of "public morality", the second part of the paper sets out the interpretation of the clause separately, and interprets and defines the meaning of the term "public morality" by means of the treaty interpretation method provided for in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. In addition, since the concept of "public order" has been added to Article 14A of GATS, the relationship between "public morality" and "public order" has also been discussed in this chapter.
The third part of the paper combines two specific cases that cite exceptions to public morality, namely, the United States-Measures Affecting Cross-border Gambling and Gambling Services (hereinafter referred to as the "American Gambling Case") and China-Measures Affecting Trade Rights and Distribution Services of Audio-visual Products for Publications and Entertainment (hereinafter referred to as "China"). The United States Gambling Case is the first case to invoke the exceptional clause of public morality under the WTO system. The case establishes the criteria for analyzing the exceptional clause of public morality. In this case, the public moral exception clause of Article 20a of GATT is used as the defense of the defendant's measure. Although it has not succeeded, it is still a typical case to study the public moral exception. Established standards of review.
The fourth part of the thesis lists some problems that exist in the analysis and application of the exceptional clause of public morality, mainly including: when the WTO Dispute Settlement Body analyzes the exceptional clause of public morality, one of the key problems in the application of this clause is what is the meaning of "public morality" and how to determine it. At the same time, a sequential "double-test" analytical method rigidly divides the public moral exception clause into two parts, which violates the principle of treaty interpretation; moreover, the "necessity" test review criteria applied by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body are very strict but uncertain.
The last part of the paper puts forward some suggestions on the attitude and strategy that China should adopt towards the public moral exception clause in the future.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：鄭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D996.1
本文編號：2193173
[Abstract]:Exceptional clauses play a very important role in the WTO system. Many agreements under the WTO system stipulate exceptional clauses. Among them, two important agreements, GATT (hereinafter referred to as GATT) and GATS (hereinafter referred to as GATS), list special clauses to stipulate that specific circumstances can be violated. The first exception is the exception clause of "public morality", which shows the importance of the exception. This paper uses the methods of historical analysis, case analysis and comparative analysis to analyze the theory and application of the exception clause of public morality under the WTO system. Conduct research.
The first part of the thesis introduces the formulation and development of the exceptional clauses of public morality under the WTO system.Before the establishment of WTO, many international treaties have chosen moral exceptions as one of the exceptional exceptions to international treaties.This can be said to be the background of the publication of the exceptional clauses of public morality in WTO.After that, GATT and GATS are two important agreements of WTO. In contrast to the active incorporation of this clause, it has not been applied and clarified for more than 50 years after its incorporation, but the public ethics clause still plays a more active role in international trade law.
Since the key to the correct understanding and application of the exceptional clause of public morality lies in the interpretation of the connotation of "public morality", the second part of the paper sets out the interpretation of the clause separately, and interprets and defines the meaning of the term "public morality" by means of the treaty interpretation method provided for in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. In addition, since the concept of "public order" has been added to Article 14A of GATS, the relationship between "public morality" and "public order" has also been discussed in this chapter.
The third part of the paper combines two specific cases that cite exceptions to public morality, namely, the United States-Measures Affecting Cross-border Gambling and Gambling Services (hereinafter referred to as the "American Gambling Case") and China-Measures Affecting Trade Rights and Distribution Services of Audio-visual Products for Publications and Entertainment (hereinafter referred to as "China"). The United States Gambling Case is the first case to invoke the exceptional clause of public morality under the WTO system. The case establishes the criteria for analyzing the exceptional clause of public morality. In this case, the public moral exception clause of Article 20a of GATT is used as the defense of the defendant's measure. Although it has not succeeded, it is still a typical case to study the public moral exception. Established standards of review.
The fourth part of the thesis lists some problems that exist in the analysis and application of the exceptional clause of public morality, mainly including: when the WTO Dispute Settlement Body analyzes the exceptional clause of public morality, one of the key problems in the application of this clause is what is the meaning of "public morality" and how to determine it. At the same time, a sequential "double-test" analytical method rigidly divides the public moral exception clause into two parts, which violates the principle of treaty interpretation; moreover, the "necessity" test review criteria applied by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body are very strict but uncertain.
The last part of the paper puts forward some suggestions on the attitude and strategy that China should adopt towards the public moral exception clause in the future.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：鄭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D996.1
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