氣候變化國際法問題研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-26 17:10
【摘要】：早在20世紀(jì)70年代,國際社會已經(jīng)開始關(guān)注全球變暖和氣候變化問題。1992年,在巴西里約熱內(nèi)盧召開的聯(lián)合國環(huán)境與發(fā)展大會通過了《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》,正式宣告了各國共同應(yīng)對氣候變化挑戰(zhàn)的立場和決心,為氣候變化國際法的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展奠定了踏實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。1997年通過的《京都議定書》標(biāo)志著氣候變化國際法從軟法框架發(fā)展成有法律約束力的國際法律義務(wù)規(guī)范體系。經(jīng)過艱苦的談判和利益交換,2005年京都議定書正式生效。時至今日,《京都議定書》第一階段的減排承諾期已臨近結(jié)束。氣候變化國際法前期發(fā)展的豐碩成果并不能消減后京都時代(2012年后)氣候變化國際法面臨的巨大困難和障礙。發(fā)達(dá)國家與發(fā)展中國家的對立立場,各個國家集團(tuán)的利益分歧,氣候變化作為國際環(huán)境問題的特殊性,種種因素都導(dǎo)致氣候變化國際法的發(fā)展進(jìn)入了一個十分關(guān)鍵、敏感和危險的時期。 本論文在回顧氣候變化國際法發(fā)展與演變的基礎(chǔ)上,分析了氣候變化國際法的價值取向、核心問題和交叉問題,并對2012年后的氣候變化國際法發(fā)展做出了預(yù)測和展望,同時也對我國的氣候變化法律制度提出了意見和建議。本文分為導(dǎo)言和正文兩大部分,正文由六章組成,全文共計21萬余字。 導(dǎo)言部分除了對選題意義與研究目標(biāo)進(jìn)行闡述以外,使用了相當(dāng)篇幅介紹了全球變暖和氣候變化問題的科學(xué)背景。氣候變化本身是一個自然現(xiàn)象,需要科學(xué)理論和工具進(jìn)行觀察、分析和預(yù)測。討論氣候變化,不能完全脫離科學(xué)和技術(shù)背景,該特點(diǎn)直接影響了人類對于氣候問題的認(rèn)識和理解,也間接影響了氣候變化國際法的發(fā)展。雖然人類社會已經(jīng)承認(rèn)人類排放溫室氣體的活動是全球變暖的主要原因,氣候變化對人類生存和發(fā)展也已經(jīng)或即將產(chǎn)生巨大的影響,但有關(guān)氣候變化的影響預(yù)測在科學(xué)上仍然存在一些爭論和質(zhì)疑。氣候變化問題在科學(xué)上的不確定性直接影響到氣候變化國際法的發(fā)展,這是不能回避的問題。 正文第一章為“氣候變化國際法的發(fā)展與演變”。本章詳細(xì)介紹了《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》和《京都議定書》的產(chǎn)生歷史,并對公約和議定書的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了介紹,在肯定其歷史意義和作用的同時,也對公約和議定書的不足之處進(jìn)行了分析。本章同時對2007年以后的聯(lián)合國氣候變化大會進(jìn)行了介紹,包括巴厘島會議、波茲南會議、哥本哈根會議以及剛剛結(jié)束的坎昆氣候大會。除了聯(lián)合國框架下的國際活動之外,政府間氣候變化專家小組(IPCC)、世界銀行、非政府組織的活動同樣對氣候變化國際法的發(fā)展起到了推動和促進(jìn)作用。 正文第二章為“氣候變化國際法的價值取向與原則體現(xiàn)”。本章分為三節(jié),分別闡述了氣候變化國際法的三大價值取向,即公平價值、效益價值和效率價值。在論述三大價值的同時,給出了體現(xiàn)該價值取向的針對性原則。氣候變化國際法的公平價值需要兼顧代內(nèi)公平和代際公平,因此“共同但有區(qū)別責(zé)任”原則是該價值的最好體現(xiàn)。氣候變化國際法的效益價值要求在不阻礙人類經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)上保護(hù)環(huán)境利益,可持續(xù)發(fā)展原則成功地將環(huán)境與發(fā)展的矛盾糅合成一個共同理念,滿足了氣候變化制度的環(huán)境效益價值。氣候變化國際法的效率價值期望通過經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)上的成本效益分析,使得人類能夠運(yùn)用有限的資源獲得最大的收益,氣候變化國際法的成本效益原則作為制度設(shè)計的基本理念和手段之一,已經(jīng)獲得了各成員國的普遍認(rèn)可。 正文第三章為“氣候變化國際法核心問題述評”。該章圍繞氣候變化國際法制度的基本問題、核心問題進(jìn)行了廣泛的論述和討論,篇幅較為龐大。該章首先對負(fù)有盛名的《京都議定書》靈活履約機(jī)制進(jìn)行了分析,即清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制、聯(lián)合履約機(jī)制、排放交易機(jī)制,同時將歐盟泡的集體履約機(jī)制加入到靈活履約機(jī)制體系當(dāng)中。該章第二節(jié)則對氣候變化的四支柱問題,即減緩、適應(yīng)、資金和技術(shù)問題,進(jìn)行了討論,對四支柱問題之間的關(guān)系和互動進(jìn)行了專門的討論。減緩是氣候變化國際法規(guī)范的傳統(tǒng)內(nèi)容,適應(yīng)問題也逐漸得到了締約方的重視,資金和技術(shù)是所有工作的基礎(chǔ)和條件。本章第三節(jié)專門針對氣候變化國際法的履約機(jī)制進(jìn)行了論述。就當(dāng)前的現(xiàn)實(shí)情況而言,氣候變化國際法的履約前景并不樂觀,《京都議定書》制定的獨(dú)具特色的遵約機(jī)制是否能夠起到效果,都是值得關(guān)注的問題。 正文第四章為“氣候變化與其他國際法部門的交叉問題評述”。氣候變化作為人類面臨的共同環(huán)境問題,必然與其他國際法部門發(fā)生聯(lián)系。在國際環(huán)境法領(lǐng)域,里約三公約(氣候變化、生物多樣性和荒漠化問題)的聯(lián)合履行機(jī)制已經(jīng)初步形成,而氣候變化對濕地、世界遺產(chǎn)、森林、動植物保護(hù)等產(chǎn)生的顯著影響,使得氣候變化問題與多數(shù)國際環(huán)境公約發(fā)生了有機(jī)聯(lián)系,國際環(huán)境公約之間的合作和協(xié)調(diào)成為將來工作的重要內(nèi)容。就國際法律責(zé)任而言,全球變暖的始作俑者應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)氣候變化的歷史責(zé)任和賠償義務(wù),但是國際責(zé)任問題本身理論性強(qiáng)、實(shí)踐性弱,氣候變化損害適用國際責(zé)任在實(shí)踐中存在較大的客觀困難,短期內(nèi)難以改變。氣候變化嚴(yán)重侵害了生存權(quán)、健康權(quán)、居住權(quán)、發(fā)展權(quán)等基本人權(quán),雖然在國際層面上沒有專門的法律文件,但部分司法案例已初步確立了以人權(quán)作為依據(jù)控訴氣候變化責(zé)任者的可行性。在國際法律責(zé)任適用困難的情況下,人權(quán)可以作為應(yīng)對氣候變化和損害賠償申訴的依據(jù)。 正文第五章為“對2012后氣候變化國際法發(fā)展的展望”。氣候變化國際法的發(fā)展目前面對的困難很多,例如南北矛盾、主體龐大、利益多元、議題泛化等。要推進(jìn)氣候變化國際法進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展,需要提煉出制度的關(guān)鍵議題,集中資源進(jìn)行突破,例如資金和技術(shù)問題、碳匯問題、市場手段運(yùn)用等。2012后國際法的發(fā)展需要從兩個方向同時進(jìn)行,一是從上往下(Top-down)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行氣候變化普遍性國際法的制度建設(shè),國際上很多組織和研究機(jī)構(gòu)也已經(jīng)提出了很多建議方案,具有一定的參考價值;二是從下往上(Bottom-up)著重發(fā)展區(qū)域性國際法,區(qū)域國際法包括雙邊、多邊和區(qū)域性合作。在當(dāng)前氣候變化國際談判進(jìn)入僵局的背景下,區(qū)域性國際法的發(fā)展卻相當(dāng)活躍,效果顯著。氣候變化國際法的發(fā)展要兩條腿同時走路,才能真正達(dá)到應(yīng)對氣候變化的最終目的。 正文最后一章為“我國應(yīng)對氣候變化的法律政策和制度完善”。我國目前已經(jīng)成為世界上溫室氣體排放量最高的國家。作為一個發(fā)展中大國,我國承擔(dān)著經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和環(huán)境保護(hù)的雙重任務(wù),在國際社會上承受的壓力也越來越大。加強(qiáng)國內(nèi)的氣候變化法律制度建設(shè)是必要而緊迫的工作。我國目前雖然沒有專門的氣候變化應(yīng)對法,但是相關(guān)的法律制度已經(jīng)初具雛形,當(dāng)前完善應(yīng)對氣候變化法律制度的工作思路是:推動應(yīng)對氣候變化的專門立法,修改和補(bǔ)充現(xiàn)行法律,包括能源類、產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)類、環(huán)保類、資源類法律等。在完善我國應(yīng)對氣候變化法制進(jìn)程中,立法機(jī)構(gòu)和政府要樹立和落實(shí)科學(xué)發(fā)展觀,貫徹可持續(xù)發(fā)展原則,自主積極減排,這不僅是為了履行國際義務(wù),也是為我們后代的環(huán)境利益提供保障。
[Abstract]:As early as 1970s, the international community has begun to pay attention to global warming and climate change in.1992. The United Nations Conference on environment and development, held in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, adopted the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change, which formally declared the position and determination of countries to deal with the challenges of climate change and for the international law of climate change. The emergence and development of the Kyoto Protocol, which was passed in.1997, marked a legally binding international legal system of legal obligations from the soft law framework to the development of the international law of climate change. After hard negotiations and the exchange of interests, the Kyoto Protocol entered into force in 2005. The promise period of emission reduction is close to the end. The great achievements of the early development of the international law of climate change can not reduce the great difficulties and obstacles facing the international law of climate change after the Kyoto (after 2012). The opposition between the developed and the developing countries, the disproportionation of the interests of the various national groups, and the climate change as a special international environmental problem All kinds of factors have led to the development of international law of climate change into a crucial, sensitive and dangerous period.
On the basis of reviewing the development and evolution of the international law of climate change, this paper analyses the value orientation, core and cross issues of the international law of climate change, and makes a forecast and prospect for the development of international law of climate change after 2012, and puts forward suggestions and suggestions for the legal system of climate change in China. There are two parts of speech and text. The main body is composed of six chapters, with a total of 21 words.
In addition to expound the significance and research objectives of the topic, the introduction uses a considerable length to introduce the scientific background of global warming and climate change. Climate change itself is a natural phenomenon. It needs scientific theories and tools to observe, analyze and predict. The discussion of climate change is not completely separated from the back of science and technology. It has a direct impact on human understanding and understanding of climate issues and the indirect impact on the development of international law on climate change. Although human society has recognized that human emissions of greenhouse gases are the main cause of global warming, climate change has already or is about to have a huge impact on human survival and development, but it is concerned. There are still some controversies and questions about the impact of climate change in science. The uncertainty of the climate change in science directly affects the development of international law on climate change, which is an unavoidable problem.
The first chapter of the text is "the development and evolution of the international law of climate change". This chapter introduces the history of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change and the Kyoto Protocol, and introduces the contents of the Convention and protocol, while affirming its historical significance and role, it also points out the shortcomings of the Convention and the protocol. This chapter also introduces the United Nations Conference on climate change after 2007, including the Bali Island conference, the Poznan conference, the Copenhagen conference and the just ending Cancun climate conference. In addition to the international activities under the United Nations Framework, the Intergovernmental Panel on climate change (IPCC), the world bank, and the non-governmental organization activities It also played a role in promoting and promoting the development of international law on climate change.
The second chapter of the text is "the value orientation and principle of the international law of climate change". This chapter is divided into three sections. This chapter expounds the three values of the international law of climate change, namely, the fair value, the benefit value and the efficiency value. At the same time, it gives the pertinence principle of reflecting the value orientation while discussing the three values. The international law of climate change. The principle of "common but differentiated responsibility" is the best embodiment of this value. The benefit value of the international law of climate change requires the protection of environmental interests on the basis of the development of human economy. The principle of sustainable development combines the contradiction of environment and development successfully. The common concept meets the environmental benefit value of the climate change system. The efficiency value of the international law of climate change is expected to make the human being able to use limited resources to obtain the maximum benefit through the economic cost-benefit analysis. The cost benefit of the international law of climate change is one of the basic ideas and means of the system design. It has been universally recognized by all Member States.
The third chapter of the text is "a review of the core issues of the international law of climate change". This chapter focuses on the basic issues of the international law system of climate change and its core issues, which are widely discussed and discussed. The chapter first analyzes the flexible performance mechanism of the famous "Kyoto Protocol", namely, the clean development mechanism and the joint performance. The second section of this chapter discusses the four pillars of climate change, namely, mitigation, adaptation, financial and technical issues, and discusses the relationship and interaction between the four pillar problems. The mitigation is the climate change. The traditional content of the norms of international law and the problem of adaptation have gradually been paid attention to by the parties. Capital and technology are the basis and condition of all work. The third section of this chapter is devoted to the performance mechanism of international law on climate change. Whether the compliance mechanism formulated by the protocol can achieve results is a matter of concern.
The fourth chapter of the text is "a review of the intersecting issues of climate change and other international law departments". As a common environmental problem facing mankind, climate change is bound to be linked with other international law departments. In the field of international environmental law, the joint implementation mechanism of the three Rio conventions (climate change, biodiversity and desertification) has been preliminary. The significant impact of climate change on wetlands, world heritage, forests, and animal and plant protection makes the problem of climate change organic related to most international environmental conventions. Cooperation and coordination among international environmental conventions has become an important part of future work. As for international legal responsibility, the initiator of global warming should be concerned. When undertaking the historical responsibility and compensation obligation of climate change, the problem of international responsibility itself is very theoretical and weak in practice. It is difficult to change the application of international responsibility for the damage of climate change in practice, and it is difficult to change in the short term. The climate change has seriously infringed the basic human rights, such as the right to survival, the right to health, the right of residence, the right to development and so on, though There are no special legal documents at the international level, but some judicial cases have preliminarily established the feasibility of using human rights as the basis for the prosecution of climate change responsibility. In the case of difficulties in the application of international legal liability, human rights can be used as the basis for responding to climate change and damages.
The fifth chapter of the text is "the prospect of the development of international law of climate change after 2012." the development of the international law of climate change is facing many difficulties, such as the north and South contradictions, the main body, the diversity of interests, and the generalization of the issues. To advance the further development of the international law of climate change, the key issues of the system should be refined and the centralized resources are to be concentrated on the process of development. The development of international law after.2012, such as capital and technology, carbon sequestration and market means, needs to be carried out at the same time in two directions. One is to continue the system construction of the international law of climate change universality from the upper and lower (Top-down). Many international organizations and research institutions have also put forward a lot of proposals. The two is to focus on the development of regional international law and regional international law, including bilateral, multilateral and regional cooperation from the bottom to the top (Bottom-up). In the context of the impasse of international negotiations on climate change, the development of regional international law is quite active and effective. The development of international law on climate change will take two legs at the same time, Only in this way can we truly achieve the ultimate goal of tackling climate change.
The last chapter of the text is "China's legal policy and system to cope with climate change". China has now become the world's highest greenhouse gas emission country. As a developing country, China bears the dual task of economic development and environmental protection, and the pressure to bear in the international community is increasing. The construction of the legal system of climate change is a necessary and urgent work. Although there is no special response to climate change in China, the relevant legal system has begun to take shape, and the work train of thought to improve the legal system for climate change is to promote the special legislation on climate change, to amend and supplement the current laws, including In the process of improving our country's response to climate change legal system, the legislature and the government should set up and implement Scientific Outlook on Development, carry out the principle of sustainable development, and actively reduce the emission reduction, which is not only to fulfil international justice, but also to provide guarantee for the environmental interests of our future generations.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D996.9
本文編號：2146705
[Abstract]:As early as 1970s, the international community has begun to pay attention to global warming and climate change in.1992. The United Nations Conference on environment and development, held in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, adopted the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change, which formally declared the position and determination of countries to deal with the challenges of climate change and for the international law of climate change. The emergence and development of the Kyoto Protocol, which was passed in.1997, marked a legally binding international legal system of legal obligations from the soft law framework to the development of the international law of climate change. After hard negotiations and the exchange of interests, the Kyoto Protocol entered into force in 2005. The promise period of emission reduction is close to the end. The great achievements of the early development of the international law of climate change can not reduce the great difficulties and obstacles facing the international law of climate change after the Kyoto (after 2012). The opposition between the developed and the developing countries, the disproportionation of the interests of the various national groups, and the climate change as a special international environmental problem All kinds of factors have led to the development of international law of climate change into a crucial, sensitive and dangerous period.
On the basis of reviewing the development and evolution of the international law of climate change, this paper analyses the value orientation, core and cross issues of the international law of climate change, and makes a forecast and prospect for the development of international law of climate change after 2012, and puts forward suggestions and suggestions for the legal system of climate change in China. There are two parts of speech and text. The main body is composed of six chapters, with a total of 21 words.
In addition to expound the significance and research objectives of the topic, the introduction uses a considerable length to introduce the scientific background of global warming and climate change. Climate change itself is a natural phenomenon. It needs scientific theories and tools to observe, analyze and predict. The discussion of climate change is not completely separated from the back of science and technology. It has a direct impact on human understanding and understanding of climate issues and the indirect impact on the development of international law on climate change. Although human society has recognized that human emissions of greenhouse gases are the main cause of global warming, climate change has already or is about to have a huge impact on human survival and development, but it is concerned. There are still some controversies and questions about the impact of climate change in science. The uncertainty of the climate change in science directly affects the development of international law on climate change, which is an unavoidable problem.
The first chapter of the text is "the development and evolution of the international law of climate change". This chapter introduces the history of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change and the Kyoto Protocol, and introduces the contents of the Convention and protocol, while affirming its historical significance and role, it also points out the shortcomings of the Convention and the protocol. This chapter also introduces the United Nations Conference on climate change after 2007, including the Bali Island conference, the Poznan conference, the Copenhagen conference and the just ending Cancun climate conference. In addition to the international activities under the United Nations Framework, the Intergovernmental Panel on climate change (IPCC), the world bank, and the non-governmental organization activities It also played a role in promoting and promoting the development of international law on climate change.
The second chapter of the text is "the value orientation and principle of the international law of climate change". This chapter is divided into three sections. This chapter expounds the three values of the international law of climate change, namely, the fair value, the benefit value and the efficiency value. At the same time, it gives the pertinence principle of reflecting the value orientation while discussing the three values. The international law of climate change. The principle of "common but differentiated responsibility" is the best embodiment of this value. The benefit value of the international law of climate change requires the protection of environmental interests on the basis of the development of human economy. The principle of sustainable development combines the contradiction of environment and development successfully. The common concept meets the environmental benefit value of the climate change system. The efficiency value of the international law of climate change is expected to make the human being able to use limited resources to obtain the maximum benefit through the economic cost-benefit analysis. The cost benefit of the international law of climate change is one of the basic ideas and means of the system design. It has been universally recognized by all Member States.
The third chapter of the text is "a review of the core issues of the international law of climate change". This chapter focuses on the basic issues of the international law system of climate change and its core issues, which are widely discussed and discussed. The chapter first analyzes the flexible performance mechanism of the famous "Kyoto Protocol", namely, the clean development mechanism and the joint performance. The second section of this chapter discusses the four pillars of climate change, namely, mitigation, adaptation, financial and technical issues, and discusses the relationship and interaction between the four pillar problems. The mitigation is the climate change. The traditional content of the norms of international law and the problem of adaptation have gradually been paid attention to by the parties. Capital and technology are the basis and condition of all work. The third section of this chapter is devoted to the performance mechanism of international law on climate change. Whether the compliance mechanism formulated by the protocol can achieve results is a matter of concern.
The fourth chapter of the text is "a review of the intersecting issues of climate change and other international law departments". As a common environmental problem facing mankind, climate change is bound to be linked with other international law departments. In the field of international environmental law, the joint implementation mechanism of the three Rio conventions (climate change, biodiversity and desertification) has been preliminary. The significant impact of climate change on wetlands, world heritage, forests, and animal and plant protection makes the problem of climate change organic related to most international environmental conventions. Cooperation and coordination among international environmental conventions has become an important part of future work. As for international legal responsibility, the initiator of global warming should be concerned. When undertaking the historical responsibility and compensation obligation of climate change, the problem of international responsibility itself is very theoretical and weak in practice. It is difficult to change the application of international responsibility for the damage of climate change in practice, and it is difficult to change in the short term. The climate change has seriously infringed the basic human rights, such as the right to survival, the right to health, the right of residence, the right to development and so on, though There are no special legal documents at the international level, but some judicial cases have preliminarily established the feasibility of using human rights as the basis for the prosecution of climate change responsibility. In the case of difficulties in the application of international legal liability, human rights can be used as the basis for responding to climate change and damages.
The fifth chapter of the text is "the prospect of the development of international law of climate change after 2012." the development of the international law of climate change is facing many difficulties, such as the north and South contradictions, the main body, the diversity of interests, and the generalization of the issues. To advance the further development of the international law of climate change, the key issues of the system should be refined and the centralized resources are to be concentrated on the process of development. The development of international law after.2012, such as capital and technology, carbon sequestration and market means, needs to be carried out at the same time in two directions. One is to continue the system construction of the international law of climate change universality from the upper and lower (Top-down). Many international organizations and research institutions have also put forward a lot of proposals. The two is to focus on the development of regional international law and regional international law, including bilateral, multilateral and regional cooperation from the bottom to the top (Bottom-up). In the context of the impasse of international negotiations on climate change, the development of regional international law is quite active and effective. The development of international law on climate change will take two legs at the same time, Only in this way can we truly achieve the ultimate goal of tackling climate change.
The last chapter of the text is "China's legal policy and system to cope with climate change". China has now become the world's highest greenhouse gas emission country. As a developing country, China bears the dual task of economic development and environmental protection, and the pressure to bear in the international community is increasing. The construction of the legal system of climate change is a necessary and urgent work. Although there is no special response to climate change in China, the relevant legal system has begun to take shape, and the work train of thought to improve the legal system for climate change is to promote the special legislation on climate change, to amend and supplement the current laws, including In the process of improving our country's response to climate change legal system, the legislature and the government should set up and implement Scientific Outlook on Development, carry out the principle of sustainable development, and actively reduce the emission reduction, which is not only to fulfil international justice, but also to provide guarantee for the environmental interests of our future generations.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D996.9
【引證文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條
1 陳若英;;感性與理性之間的選擇——評《氣候變化正義》和減排規(guī)制手段[J];政法論壇;2013年02期
相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前2條
1 孔令穎;中國應(yīng)對氣候變化法律體系的完善[D];北京交通大學(xué);2012年
2 季華;全球氣候變暖背景下的人類生存權(quán)保護(hù)[D];外交學(xué)院;2012年
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