涉外國(guó)家侵權(quán)法律問(wèn)題研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-16 16:57
【摘要】：2012年國(guó)際法院做出的“德國(guó)訴意大利案”判決再次引起國(guó)際社會(huì)對(duì)國(guó)家管轄豁免問(wèn)題的關(guān)注。對(duì)德國(guó)二戰(zhàn)中違反國(guó)際法行為的致人損害,意大利、希臘國(guó)內(nèi)法院均行使司法管轄并作出不利于德國(guó)的判決。盡管國(guó)際法院判決認(rèn)為國(guó)家行為的違法性并不導(dǎo)致其豁免權(quán)的喪失,但對(duì)外國(guó)國(guó)家侵權(quán)行為的國(guó)內(nèi)司法管轄早已被國(guó)際、國(guó)內(nèi)立法所肯定,部分國(guó)家并已有大量相關(guān)的案例。涉外國(guó)家侵權(quán)案件可能將隨著國(guó)際交往的加深而越來(lái)越多,司法解決該糾紛顯得十分必要。 本文包括緒論、正文和結(jié)語(yǔ)三個(gè)部分。在緒論部分,首先對(duì)選題的意義、價(jià)值進(jìn)行了說(shuō)明,并對(duì)本文研究視角進(jìn)行界定,即從傳統(tǒng)國(guó)際私法中的管轄權(quán)、法律適用和判決承認(rèn)執(zhí)行等方面開展研究。緒論還對(duì)關(guān)于涉外國(guó)家侵權(quán)國(guó)內(nèi)外研究的現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行總結(jié)和述評(píng),同時(shí)也指出了本論文開展研究擬運(yùn)用的主要方法。 正文部分包括六章,主要內(nèi)容如下： 第一章是對(duì)涉外國(guó)家侵權(quán)若干概念性問(wèn)題的說(shuō)明。該章首先指出本文的涉外國(guó)家侵權(quán)是指受害人為民事主體而關(guān)系本身具有國(guó)際因素的國(guó)家侵權(quán),進(jìn)而對(duì)該關(guān)系的特征、類別等問(wèn)題進(jìn)行較詳細(xì)闡述。隨后,該章也詳細(xì)分析國(guó)家在涉外國(guó)家侵權(quán)關(guān)系中承擔(dān)著侵權(quán)者、糾紛受理者以及糾紛參與者等多種角色身份。 第二章是關(guān)于涉外國(guó)家侵權(quán)法律沖突問(wèn)題的介紹。國(guó)家侵權(quán)賠償自20世紀(jì)初開始逐漸被國(guó)際社會(huì)肯定,不同國(guó)家間的國(guó)家侵權(quán)賠償制度差別很大。該章探討了關(guān)于國(guó)家侵權(quán)歸責(zé)原則、賠償行為范圍、賠償損害范圍、賠償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、賠償形式等幾個(gè)核心問(wèn)題上國(guó)家間規(guī)定的異同,立法對(duì)國(guó)家侵權(quán)具體問(wèn)題的巨大差異性決定了受案法院如何選擇法律將直接影響案件的最終結(jié)果。 第三章是對(duì)涉外國(guó)家侵權(quán)管轄權(quán)問(wèn)題的探討。該章首先論證了涉外國(guó)家侵權(quán)應(yīng)是一個(gè)可訴性問(wèn)題,然后從立法和司法實(shí)踐的角度介紹了國(guó)際社會(huì)對(duì)該類糾紛確立管轄的具體依據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。鑒于外國(guó)國(guó)家侵權(quán)是一國(guó)所遇涉外國(guó)家侵權(quán)的重要門類,本章還專門對(duì)國(guó)家管轄豁免原則對(duì)外國(guó)國(guó)家侵權(quán)國(guó)內(nèi)管轄的影響進(jìn)行詳細(xì)介紹。盡管管轄權(quán)國(guó)中具體受理法院的確定是個(gè)國(guó)內(nèi)法問(wèn)題,但國(guó)內(nèi)受案機(jī)構(gòu)的性質(zhì)、級(jí)別、區(qū)域問(wèn)題同樣十分重要,該章在考察部分國(guó)家的具體做法基礎(chǔ)上認(rèn)為,應(yīng)確立有重要聯(lián)系區(qū)域的高級(jí)別法院對(duì)涉外國(guó)家侵權(quán)案件予以初審。 第四章是關(guān)于涉外國(guó)家侵權(quán)法律適用的論述。本章首先對(duì)法律適用的若干理論性問(wèn)題進(jìn)行介紹,指出不僅國(guó)家行為原則、公法域內(nèi)適用,國(guó)際法性質(zhì)效力爭(zhēng)議等國(guó)際公法相關(guān)理論,而且國(guó)際私法上的實(shí)質(zhì)與程序問(wèn)題劃分論、單一分割論、直接適用法理論、公共秩序保留理論等都對(duì)涉外國(guó)家侵權(quán)的法律適用產(chǎn)生著重要影響。隨后本章在考察部分國(guó)家在法律適用具體做法基礎(chǔ)上,指出國(guó)際法中的國(guó)際人權(quán)法,國(guó)家管轄豁免制度,國(guó)家責(zé)任制度等都可能被援引用來(lái)作為準(zhǔn)據(jù)法；在已有的相關(guān)案例中,侵權(quán)行為地國(guó)家,法院地國(guó)家以及其他有密切聯(lián)系國(guó)家的相關(guān)國(guó)家侵權(quán)賠償制度是受訴國(guó)內(nèi)法院處理案件時(shí)的主要國(guó)內(nèi)法依據(jù)。 第五章是關(guān)于涉外國(guó)家侵權(quán)判決承認(rèn)執(zhí)行問(wèn)題的探討。該章首先指出,從承認(rèn)執(zhí)行國(guó)角度,應(yīng)將涉外國(guó)家侵權(quán)判決分為本國(guó)法院作出的本國(guó)國(guó)家侵權(quán)判決和外國(guó)國(guó)家侵權(quán)判決,外國(guó)法院作出的本國(guó)國(guó)家侵權(quán)判決和外國(guó)國(guó)家侵權(quán)判決等四類。然后在回顧國(guó)際社會(huì)相關(guān)立法和部分國(guó)家具體實(shí)踐做法基礎(chǔ)上,指出承認(rèn)執(zhí)行國(guó)應(yīng)區(qū)分判決類型分別構(gòu)建相應(yīng)的域內(nèi)承認(rèn)執(zhí)行制度。 第六章是關(guān)于中國(guó)涉外國(guó)家侵權(quán)司法解決制度的建構(gòu)問(wèn)題。該章首先探討如何建構(gòu)涉外國(guó)家侵權(quán)管轄權(quán)制度,指出中國(guó)應(yīng)確立對(duì)域內(nèi)案件、訴中國(guó)國(guó)家案件以及其他有密切聯(lián)系案件的管轄權(quán),涉外國(guó)家侵權(quán)案件應(yīng)由國(guó)內(nèi)適宜地域的高級(jí)人民法院初審。在法律適用問(wèn)題上,指出應(yīng)注意對(duì)國(guó)際條約和習(xí)慣的適用,可考慮區(qū)分國(guó)家行為性質(zhì)適用不同法律選擇模式,應(yīng)將法律選擇上主觀選擇方法和客觀選擇方法都考慮進(jìn)來(lái)。在判決承認(rèn)執(zhí)行上,指出中國(guó)還沒(méi)有建立外國(guó)法院的國(guó)家侵權(quán)判決和外國(guó)國(guó)家的侵權(quán)判決的承認(rèn)執(zhí)行制度,未來(lái)立法不僅應(yīng)從規(guī)制對(duì)象上進(jìn)一步完善,還應(yīng)確立承認(rèn)執(zhí)行主體、程序、方式、條件等具體機(jī)制。 結(jié)語(yǔ)部分在系統(tǒng)總結(jié)本文研究結(jié)果之后,還將特別對(duì)本論文提及的但還值得商榷指正的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題加以強(qiáng)調(diào),如涉外國(guó)家侵權(quán)案件的普遍民事管轄權(quán)確立的可行性問(wèn)題,行為國(guó)域內(nèi)涉外侵權(quán)的專屬管轄權(quán)問(wèn)題,國(guó)際強(qiáng)行法對(duì)國(guó)家管轄豁免權(quán)的否定問(wèn)題,非主權(quán)行為侵權(quán)適用一般沖突規(guī)范的可行性問(wèn)題等。盡管上述問(wèn)題本文都有一定程度涉及,但還是相當(dāng)初步的,希望有更多的人投入到涉外國(guó)家侵權(quán)問(wèn)題研究中來(lái),希望本文能起到拋磚引玉作用。
[Abstract]:The "Germany v. Italy" decision made by the International Court of justice in 2012 again aroused the attention of the international community on the issue of immunity from national jurisdiction. For the damage to the violations of international law in World War II in Germany, the courts of Italy and the domestic courts of Greece exercised jurisdiction and made a decision against Germany. The illegality does not lead to the loss of its immunity, but the domestic jurisdiction of foreign countries has long been confirmed by international and domestic legislation, and some countries have a large number of relevant cases. The cases of tort involving foreign countries may be more and more with the deepening of international contacts. It is necessary to solve the dispute in the judiciary.
This article includes three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. In the introduction part, first, it explains the significance and value of the topic, and defines the perspective of this article, namely, the research on the jurisdiction of the traditional international private law, the application of the law and the recognition and implementation of the judgment. The introduction also makes a study of the domestic and foreign research on the infringement of foreign countries. Summarizing and commentary, and points out the main methods to be applied in this paper.
The main body of the text consists of six chapters. The main contents are as follows:
The first chapter is the explanation of some conceptual issues of the infringement of foreign countries. The chapter first points out that the infringement of the foreign countries refers to the national tort of the victim as the civil subject and the relationship itself has international factors, and then the characteristics and categories of the relationship are explained in detail. Then, the chapter also analyzes the state in detail in the foreign countries. The tort relationship of the family bears the roles of violators, dispute admissibility and dispute participants.
The second chapter is an introduction to the conflict of legal conflicts between foreign countries. The state infringement indemnity has been gradually affirmed by the international community since the beginning of twentieth Century. The national tort compensation system varies greatly between different countries. This chapter discusses the principle of national tort liability, the scope of compensation, the scope of compensation damage, the standard of compensation and the form of compensation. On several core issues, the differences and similarities between state regulations and the huge difference of legislation on the specific problems of state infringement determine how the choice of law in the case court will directly affect the final result of the case.
The third chapter is the discussion of the jurisdiction of foreign countries. This chapter first demonstrates that the infringement of foreign countries should be a litigious issue, and then introduces the specific criteria for the establishment of jurisdiction in the international community from the angle of legislation and judicial practice. This chapter also gives a detailed introduction to the influence of the principle of immunity of state jurisdiction on the domestic jurisdiction of foreign countries. Although the specific acceptance of the court is a problem of domestic law, the nature, level and regional problems of the domestic subject are also very important. On the basis of it, it is suggested that a high level court with important links should be established to make a preliminary examination of foreign countries' infringement cases.
The fourth chapter is about the application of the tort law of the foreign countries. This chapter first introduces some theoretical questions of the application of the law, and points out the theories related to international public law, such as the principle of state behavior, the application in the public law domain, the dispute of the nature of International law, and the theory of the substantive and procedural issues in the international private law, and the single division theory. The theory of direct applicable law and the theory of the reservation of public order have an important influence on the legal application of the infringements of foreign countries. In this chapter, on the basis of the specific practice of the application of the law, this chapter points out that international law of human rights in international law, the system of immunity of national jurisdiction, the system of state responsibility, etc. may be invoked as a criterion. In the relevant cases, the tort compensation system of the state, the state of the court, the state of the court and other countries with closely related countries is the main basis for the domestic law to deal with the cases by the domestic courts.
The fifth chapter is the discussion about the recognition and enforcement of the foreign countries' infringement judgment. First, it points out that from the point of view of the executive country, it should be divided into the national torts of the national court and the foreign state tort judgment made by the national court, the national tort judgment of the foreign court and the foreign state tort judgment made by the foreign court. The four category. Then, on the basis of reviewing the relevant legislation of the international community and the concrete practice of some countries, it is pointed out that the executive state should distinguish the types of judgment from the corresponding domain recognition enforcement system respectively.
The sixth chapter is about the construction of the judicial settlement system of infringement of foreign countries. This chapter first discusses how to construct the system of jurisdiction of foreign countries, and points out that China should establish the jurisdiction of the cases in the region, the state cases in China and other closely related cases. At the first trial of the people's court, it is pointed out that the application of the international treaties and habits should be paid attention to on the application of the international treaties and habits, and the different modes of choice of law should be considered to distinguish the nature of the state, and the subjective selection method and the objective selection method should be taken into consideration. The state infringement judgment of the hospital and the recognition and execution system of the foreign countries' tort judgments should not only be further perfected from the object of regulation, but also the specific mechanisms, such as the recognition of the subject, procedure, mode and conditions.
After a systematic summary of the results of this study, the conclusion will be emphasized in particular to several questions which are mentioned in this paper, such as the feasibility of the establishment of universal civil jurisdiction in the cases of torts in foreign countries, the exclusive jurisdiction of foreign infringements in the state of the state, and the international law on national jurisdiction. The question of the negation of the right of exemption, the feasibility of the non sovereign act of tort applies to the general conflict norm, etc. Although the above questions are all involved in a certain degree, but still quite preliminary, we hope that more and more people will be put into the study of foreign countries' torts, and I hope this article will play a role.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：D997.1
[Abstract]:The "Germany v. Italy" decision made by the International Court of justice in 2012 again aroused the attention of the international community on the issue of immunity from national jurisdiction. For the damage to the violations of international law in World War II in Germany, the courts of Italy and the domestic courts of Greece exercised jurisdiction and made a decision against Germany. The illegality does not lead to the loss of its immunity, but the domestic jurisdiction of foreign countries has long been confirmed by international and domestic legislation, and some countries have a large number of relevant cases. The cases of tort involving foreign countries may be more and more with the deepening of international contacts. It is necessary to solve the dispute in the judiciary.
This article includes three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. In the introduction part, first, it explains the significance and value of the topic, and defines the perspective of this article, namely, the research on the jurisdiction of the traditional international private law, the application of the law and the recognition and implementation of the judgment. The introduction also makes a study of the domestic and foreign research on the infringement of foreign countries. Summarizing and commentary, and points out the main methods to be applied in this paper.
The main body of the text consists of six chapters. The main contents are as follows:
The first chapter is the explanation of some conceptual issues of the infringement of foreign countries. The chapter first points out that the infringement of the foreign countries refers to the national tort of the victim as the civil subject and the relationship itself has international factors, and then the characteristics and categories of the relationship are explained in detail. Then, the chapter also analyzes the state in detail in the foreign countries. The tort relationship of the family bears the roles of violators, dispute admissibility and dispute participants.
The second chapter is an introduction to the conflict of legal conflicts between foreign countries. The state infringement indemnity has been gradually affirmed by the international community since the beginning of twentieth Century. The national tort compensation system varies greatly between different countries. This chapter discusses the principle of national tort liability, the scope of compensation, the scope of compensation damage, the standard of compensation and the form of compensation. On several core issues, the differences and similarities between state regulations and the huge difference of legislation on the specific problems of state infringement determine how the choice of law in the case court will directly affect the final result of the case.
The third chapter is the discussion of the jurisdiction of foreign countries. This chapter first demonstrates that the infringement of foreign countries should be a litigious issue, and then introduces the specific criteria for the establishment of jurisdiction in the international community from the angle of legislation and judicial practice. This chapter also gives a detailed introduction to the influence of the principle of immunity of state jurisdiction on the domestic jurisdiction of foreign countries. Although the specific acceptance of the court is a problem of domestic law, the nature, level and regional problems of the domestic subject are also very important. On the basis of it, it is suggested that a high level court with important links should be established to make a preliminary examination of foreign countries' infringement cases.
The fourth chapter is about the application of the tort law of the foreign countries. This chapter first introduces some theoretical questions of the application of the law, and points out the theories related to international public law, such as the principle of state behavior, the application in the public law domain, the dispute of the nature of International law, and the theory of the substantive and procedural issues in the international private law, and the single division theory. The theory of direct applicable law and the theory of the reservation of public order have an important influence on the legal application of the infringements of foreign countries. In this chapter, on the basis of the specific practice of the application of the law, this chapter points out that international law of human rights in international law, the system of immunity of national jurisdiction, the system of state responsibility, etc. may be invoked as a criterion. In the relevant cases, the tort compensation system of the state, the state of the court, the state of the court and other countries with closely related countries is the main basis for the domestic law to deal with the cases by the domestic courts.
The fifth chapter is the discussion about the recognition and enforcement of the foreign countries' infringement judgment. First, it points out that from the point of view of the executive country, it should be divided into the national torts of the national court and the foreign state tort judgment made by the national court, the national tort judgment of the foreign court and the foreign state tort judgment made by the foreign court. The four category. Then, on the basis of reviewing the relevant legislation of the international community and the concrete practice of some countries, it is pointed out that the executive state should distinguish the types of judgment from the corresponding domain recognition enforcement system respectively.
The sixth chapter is about the construction of the judicial settlement system of infringement of foreign countries. This chapter first discusses how to construct the system of jurisdiction of foreign countries, and points out that China should establish the jurisdiction of the cases in the region, the state cases in China and other closely related cases. At the first trial of the people's court, it is pointed out that the application of the international treaties and habits should be paid attention to on the application of the international treaties and habits, and the different modes of choice of law should be considered to distinguish the nature of the state, and the subjective selection method and the objective selection method should be taken into consideration. The state infringement judgment of the hospital and the recognition and execution system of the foreign countries' tort judgments should not only be further perfected from the object of regulation, but also the specific mechanisms, such as the recognition of the subject, procedure, mode and conditions.
After a systematic summary of the results of this study, the conclusion will be emphasized in particular to several questions which are mentioned in this paper, such as the feasibility of the establishment of universal civil jurisdiction in the cases of torts in foreign countries, the exclusive jurisdiction of foreign infringements in the state of the state, and the international law on national jurisdiction. The question of the negation of the right of exemption, the feasibility of the non sovereign act of tort applies to the general conflict norm, etc. Although the above questions are all involved in a certain degree, but still quite preliminary, we hope that more and more people will be put into the study of foreign countries' torts, and I hope this article will play a role.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：D997.1
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