本文選題：核污染 + 國(guó)際環(huán)評(píng)制度　； 參考：《中國(guó)海洋大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：核能既給人們帶來(lái)極為可觀的利益，又在某種意義上帶來(lái)了一定程度的危害。核污染的問(wèn)題對(duì)環(huán)境存在著重大影響，進(jìn)一步可能會(huì)影響人們的正常生存。國(guó)際社會(huì)不得不采取一系列的行動(dòng)，，來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)核能利用存在的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和現(xiàn)實(shí)危害。國(guó)際法層面對(duì)核污染防治問(wèn)題做出積極回應(yīng)，訂立了諸多國(guó)際條約、進(jìn)行了一系列相關(guān)的國(guó)際談判。國(guó)際環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)具有的特殊性，致使在建立完善國(guó)際環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)制度的整體過(guò)程中，它與單純國(guó)內(nèi)的環(huán)評(píng)制度面臨著不同的問(wèn)題，各不同國(guó)家之間利益的協(xié)調(diào)就成了國(guó)際環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)制度必須面臨的重大挑戰(zhàn)之一。當(dāng)下國(guó)際社會(huì)亟待解決的問(wèn)題是：首先要著重分析當(dāng)前核污染防治國(guó)際環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)制度存在的不足，然后通過(guò)分析指出在各類情形下對(duì)這些不足的補(bǔ)充措施，繼而努力建成一個(gè)較為完備的國(guó)際環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)制度的理論框架和實(shí)施體系。本文結(jié)合目前的國(guó)際形勢(shì)和國(guó)際環(huán)境法的發(fā)展前景，主要從如下幾個(gè)方面對(duì)關(guān)于核污染防治的國(guó)際環(huán)評(píng)制度加以研究： 第一，對(duì)關(guān)于核污染防治的國(guó)際環(huán)評(píng)制度的內(nèi)涵進(jìn)行闡述，分析其歷史、現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，解析相關(guān)國(guó)際條約和組織機(jī)構(gòu)。當(dāng)下的涉核國(guó)際法律制度的關(guān)鍵在于國(guó)際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)下的幾項(xiàng)有關(guān)的國(guó)際公約，包括《核損害民事責(zé)任維也納公約》、《核事故及早通報(bào)公約》、《核安全公約》、《核燃料管理安全和放射性廢物管理安全聯(lián)合公約》等。除了國(guó)際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)，經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織的核能機(jī)構(gòu)、聯(lián)合國(guó)原子能輻射效應(yīng)科學(xué)委員會(huì)等也在核污染防治的國(guó)際法律制度中起到一定的作用，是核污染防治國(guó)際環(huán)評(píng)制度不可缺少的一部分。環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)是環(huán)境保護(hù)中“預(yù)防原則”的具體體現(xiàn)，是實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要工具。美日俄等國(guó)都有各自的環(huán)評(píng)制度，《跨國(guó)界背景下的環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)公約》《在環(huán)境問(wèn)題上獲得信息、公眾參與決策和訴諸法律的公約》等國(guó)際條約，都為核污染的國(guó)際環(huán)評(píng)制度的建立奠定了基礎(chǔ)。 其次，結(jié)合現(xiàn)實(shí)中存在的諸多不足，主要包括相關(guān)條約存在缺陷、缺乏有效的監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)、國(guó)際合作的難度較大、技術(shù)要求較高，從這幾個(gè)方面分析建立核污染防治國(guó)際環(huán)評(píng)制度面臨的難題�，F(xiàn)有的國(guó)際上的相關(guān)法律文件依然是比較少見(jiàn)和分散的，而且它們相互之間也仍然存在著一些不太協(xié)調(diào)的地方，現(xiàn)有的規(guī)定過(guò)于原則、不夠具體。國(guó)際環(huán)評(píng)制度缺乏有效的監(jiān)管，國(guó)際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)的監(jiān)督檢查機(jī)制存在一定的缺陷。各國(guó)的環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)制度彼此之間差異較大，國(guó)際合作的難度較大、技術(shù)要求較高，因而國(guó)際環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)制度的建立需要面臨著巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。 再次，進(jìn)行國(guó)際法理論分析，提出建立核污染防治國(guó)際環(huán)評(píng)制度需要遵循的基本原則，包括可持續(xù)發(fā)展的原則、防止環(huán)境損害的原則、預(yù)防的原則、國(guó)際合作的原則、非歧視的原則、利益均衡的原則。這幾項(xiàng)原則是國(guó)際環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)制度的建立基礎(chǔ)，也引導(dǎo)著國(guó)際環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)制度的逐步建立和完善。在實(shí)際的糾紛解決過(guò)程中，各項(xiàng)原則并不是獨(dú)立的，而是相互貫通、相互依賴的。 最后，提出完善核污染防治國(guó)際環(huán)評(píng)制度的構(gòu)想。從全球性的框架公約、區(qū)域性的國(guó)際環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)條約和國(guó)內(nèi)相關(guān)環(huán)評(píng)法律制度等方面來(lái)建立國(guó)際環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)制度。建立全球性的框架公約，設(shè)置完善的國(guó)際環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和環(huán)評(píng)信息交流制度。完善區(qū)域性的環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)制度，注重公共參與在環(huán)評(píng)制度中的作用，提供司法救濟(jì)的途徑。完善相應(yīng)的國(guó)內(nèi)法，加強(qiáng)相關(guān)的監(jiān)督機(jī)制，建立履行監(jiān)督職責(zé)的常設(shè)調(diào)查委員會(huì)，加強(qiáng)國(guó)際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)的核查范圍和強(qiáng)度，以保障環(huán)評(píng)的順利進(jìn)行。
[Abstract]:Nuclear energy not only brings great benefits to people, but also brings a certain degree of harm to some extent. The problem of nuclear pollution has a great impact on the environment and may further affect the normal survival of the people. The international community has to take a series of actions to deal with the potential risks and actual hazards of the use of nuclear energy. The international law level has made a positive response to the prevention and control of nuclear pollution, concluded a number of international treaties and carried out a series of relevant international negotiations. The special nature of the international environmental impact assessment (EIA) has caused different problems in the whole process of establishing and perfecting the international environmental impact assessment system. The coordination of interests between different countries has become one of the major challenges that the international environmental impact assessment system must face. The urgent problem of the present international community is to focus on the analysis of the shortcomings of the current international environmental impact assessment system for the prevention and control of nuclear pollution. In the light of the current international situation and the future of international environmental law, this paper mainly studies the international environmental assessment system on the prevention and control of nuclear pollution in the following aspects.
First, it expounds the connotation of the international environmental assessment system on the prevention and control of nuclear pollution, analyzes its history, current situation and development trend, and analyzes the relevant international treaties and organizations. The key to the current nuclear related international legal system lies in several international conventions under the guidance of the International Atomic Energy Agency, including the civil liability for nuclear damage, Vienna The Convention, < nuclear accident and early notification convention >, < nuclear safety convention >, < nuclear fuel management safety and the safety of Radioactive Waste Management >. In addition to the International Atomic Energy Agency, the nuclear energy agency of the organization for economic cooperation and development, the United Nations Scientific Committee for the radiation effect of atomic energy, and so on in the international legal system for the prevention and control of nuclear pollution. Its role is an indispensable part of the international environmental assessment system for the prevention and control of nuclear pollution. Environmental impact assessment is the embodiment of the "precautionary principle" in environmental protection and an important tool for the realization of sustainable development. The United States, Japan and Russia have their own environmental assessment system, and the environmental impact assessment Convention under the cross national background is obtained on environmental issues. International treaties, such as information, public participation in decision-making and law enforcement, have laid the foundation for the establishment of the international environmental impact assessment system for nuclear pollution.
Secondly, combining the shortcomings of the reality, including the defects of the relevant treaties, the lack of effective regulatory agencies, the difficulty of international cooperation and the higher technical requirements, the problems facing the establishment of the international environmental assessment system for the prevention and control of nuclear pollution are analyzed from these aspects. It is scattered, and there are still some uncoordinated places between them. The existing regulations are too principled and not specific. The international environmental assessment system lacks effective supervision and the International Atomic Energy Agency's supervision and inspection mechanism has some defects. The environmental impact assessment system of various countries is different from each other and international cooperation is different. Therefore, the establishment of the international environmental impact assessment system needs to face enormous challenges.
Thirdly, the theoretical analysis of international law is carried out and the basic principles should be followed in establishing the international environmental assessment system for the prevention and control of nuclear pollution, including the principles of sustainable development, the principle of preventing environmental damage, the principle of prevention, the principle of international cooperation, the principle of non discrimination and the principle of balance of interests. These principles are the international environmental impact assessment system. The foundation is established and the international environmental impact assessment system is gradually established and perfected. In the process of settling the actual dispute, the principles are not independent, but interconnected and interdependent.
Finally, the idea of improving the international environmental assessment system for the prevention and control of nuclear pollution is put forward. The international environmental impact assessment system is established from the global framework convention, the regional international environmental impact assessment treaty and the domestic related environmental assessment legal system, the establishment of a global framework convention, the establishment of a perfect international environmental impact assessment standard and the EIA. The system of information exchange, the improvement of the regional environmental impact assessment system, the role of public participation in the environmental assessment system, the way of providing judicial relief, the improvement of the corresponding domestic law, the strengthening of the relevant supervision mechanism, the establishment of a permanent Investigation Committee for the performance of supervisory duties, and the strengthening of the scope and intensity of the International Atomic Energy Agency's verification so as to guarantee the protection of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The EIA was carried out smoothly.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：D996.9;D999.2

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