本文選題：國際多式聯(lián)運 + “海運+其他”運輸模式��； 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的全球化,日趨統(tǒng)一的國際市場迫切需要構(gòu)筑高效的物流管理體系。這使得運用兩種以上運輸方式將貨物從最初生產(chǎn)地直運到最終消費地的多式聯(lián)運變得越來越重要。多式聯(lián)運,作為在時間與成本上均較單一運輸更高效的運輸體系,迅速且順暢的運輸不僅有利于改善客服,而且可以降低倉儲成本及運輸成本等物流成本。盡管運輸技術(shù)及信息通訊技術(shù)的進(jìn)步、國際貿(mào)易的活躍使進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易中低成本高效率的國際多式聯(lián)運的比重迅速增加,但因多式聯(lián)運合同缺乏統(tǒng)一法基礎(chǔ),每個運輸區(qū)段都各自適用不同的法律規(guī)范,給多式聯(lián)運合同當(dāng)事人增加了法律適用的不確定性,以致運輸保險、損害賠償程序以及法律咨詢等相關(guān)交易費用也隨之增加,這阻礙了多式聯(lián)運的發(fā)展。 國際社會為統(tǒng)一多式聯(lián)運法制,曾制定《1980年聯(lián)合國國際多式聯(lián)運合同公約》,但是因承運人與貨主的利害關(guān)系和各國政治立場的分歧,至今未能生效。然而,國際貨物運輸立法的統(tǒng)一是大趨勢。從《海牙規(guī)則》、《海牙-維斯比規(guī)則》,到《漢堡規(guī)則》及國際多式聯(lián)運公約的發(fā)展,正體現(xiàn)這一趨勢。 直到2008年12月,聯(lián)合國國際貿(mào)易法委員會(UNCITRAL)經(jīng)過10余年的努力,通過了《聯(lián)合國全程或部分海上國際貨物運輸合同公約》(簡稱《鹿特丹規(guī)則》)。該規(guī)則擴(kuò)大了既有海上運輸公約的適用范圍,使其同樣適用于包含海上運輸?shù)亩嗍铰?lián)運。面對《鹿特丹規(guī)則》這一新產(chǎn)生的試圖統(tǒng)一國際多式聯(lián)運法律的國際公約,國際社會均認(rèn)識到其生效可能給各國運輸界和貿(mào)易界帶來重大影響,因此有關(guān)專家學(xué)者都紛紛加入到研究該公約的行列中。僅就本人所見到的國內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)來看,學(xué)界對新公約的態(tài)度并不統(tǒng)一,甚至截然相反。一方面有人指出《鹿特丹規(guī)則》正符合現(xiàn)代國際運輸業(yè)和貿(mào)易業(yè)的需求,其先進(jìn)的規(guī)定代表未來發(fā)展的趨勢,另一方面又有人指出該規(guī)則脫離實際,過于理想化,再加上用語模糊、邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜等原因,可能不能實現(xiàn)其最初統(tǒng)一國際運輸法的宗旨。 本文主要圍繞《鹿特丹規(guī)則》的適用范圍,擬分五個部分對其在國際多式聯(lián)運中的適用展開論述： 第一部分交代了《鹿特丹規(guī)則》的制定背景與經(jīng)過,主要內(nèi)容為《鹿特丹規(guī)則》是應(yīng)國際貿(mào)易與航運實踐發(fā)展的需要而出現(xiàn),并闡述國際社會尤其是國際組織具體如何經(jīng)過多年的努力制定出該規(guī)則。 第二部分又分為“海運+其他”運輸模式、第26條的“網(wǎng)狀責(zé)任體系”以及起沖突規(guī)范作用的第82條等三部分,全面分析了規(guī)則的適用范圍。該部分指出《鹿特丹規(guī)則》將適用范圍擴(kuò)大到包含海上運輸區(qū)段的多式聯(lián)運,即“海運+其他”模式,在相當(dāng)一部分程度上起到了統(tǒng)一國際多式聯(lián)運立法的作用。然而,《鹿特丹規(guī)則》適用于非海上運輸區(qū)段有一定的條件限制,如果《鹿特丹規(guī)則》的締約國又為《國際公路貨物運輸合同公約》(CMR)、《鐵路貨運公約——統(tǒng)一規(guī)則》(COTIF-CIM)、《蒙特利爾公約》(The Montreal Convention)的締約國,兩個公約均可適用于同一運輸合同的情況下,適用范圍擴(kuò)大至“門到門”運輸?shù)摹堵固氐ひ?guī)則》可能會與其他公約發(fā)生沖突。為此,《鹿特丹規(guī)則》準(zhǔn)備了適用上的例外條款——第26條,對于海上運輸前和運輸后發(fā)生的損害優(yōu)先適用可適用于該區(qū)段的其他國際運輸公約,即對此采用了“網(wǎng)狀責(zé)任體系”。另外,規(guī)則還設(shè)置了第82條——這一解決《鹿特丹規(guī)則》與其他國際運輸公約發(fā)生的沖突時適用的沖突規(guī)范。 第三部分詳細(xì)分析了在國際多式聯(lián)運中適用《鹿特丹規(guī)則》的可能性,具體又分為三部分,即有關(guān)國際多式聯(lián)運的現(xiàn)行國際法律體系、《鹿特丹規(guī)則》與其他運輸公約間的關(guān)系、設(shè)例分析規(guī)則中的沖突協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制。 接下來的第四部分圍繞“海運+其他”運輸模式、第26條的“網(wǎng)狀責(zé)任體系”和第82條沖突規(guī)范各自在適用中的局限三個方面,論述了《鹿特丹規(guī)則》在使用中可能會存在的問題。這一部分指出該幾項條款可能不僅不能達(dá)到解決國際多式聯(lián)運中法律不統(tǒng)一的目的,反而會使法律適用更加不確定和不可預(yù)測。 第五部分主要提出我國應(yīng)對《鹿特丹規(guī)則》生效的對策。這一部分首先梳理了國內(nèi)法中有關(guān)國際多式聯(lián)運法律適用原則的規(guī)定,然后指出公約一旦生效,很有可能會適用于中國,最后提出中國對該規(guī)則應(yīng)積極研究公約條款,借《鹿特丹規(guī)則》積極修改《海商法》,同時各相關(guān)運輸業(yè)和貿(mào)易業(yè)提前做好風(fēng)險控制措施,為迎接《鹿特丹規(guī)則》的生效做好充分準(zhǔn)備。 第六部分,也就是結(jié)論部分,總結(jié)前五部分的內(nèi)容得出因《鹿特丹規(guī)則》體系龐雜、用語模糊,能否實現(xiàn)統(tǒng)一多式聯(lián)運法制的宗旨還是未知數(shù),然而面對“鹿特丹時代”的到來,我們必須認(rèn)真研究公約,以減少其給我國運輸界和貿(mào)易界帶來的沖擊。
[Abstract]:With the globalization of the world economy, the increasingly unified international market is urgently needed to build an efficient logistics management system. This makes it becoming more and more important to use more than two modes of transportation to transport goods from the original production to the final consumption. Multimodal transport is more efficient as a single transport in time and cost. The transport system, rapid and smooth transportation not only helps to improve customer service, but also reduces logistics costs, such as warehousing costs and transportation costs. Despite the progress of transport technology and information and communication technology, the active international trade makes the proportion of low cost and efficient international multimodal transport in import and export trade increasing rapidly, but the multimodal transport is due to multimodal transport. The contract lacks the basis of the unified law. The different legal norms are applied to each section of the transport section, which increases the uncertainty of the application of the law to the parties to the multimodal transport contract, so that the transportation insurance, the damage compensation procedure and the legal consultation and other related transaction costs have also increased, which hinders the development of multimodal transport.
In order to unify the multimodal transport system, the international community has worked out the <1980 Convention on the United Nations international multimodal transport contract, but it has not come into effect because of the interests of the carrier and the owner and the political standpoint of various countries. However, the unification of the international transport legislation is a big trend. From the Hague rules, the Hague Weiss ratio rules to the Hamburg Rules. The development of International Convention on multimodal transport is a reflection of this trend.
Until December 2008, after more than 10 years of efforts, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) adopted the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the international carriage of goods at sea or part of the sea (hereinafter referred to as the Rotterdam rule). The rule expanded the scope of the Convention on the existing maritime transport and made it also applicable to multimodal transport including maritime transport. The international community, the newly created International Convention on the unification of international multimodal transport law, which is a newly created law of the Rotterdam rules, recognizes that its entry into force may have a significant impact on the transport and trade circles of all countries, so experts and scholars have joined in the study of the Convention. On the one hand, it is pointed out that the Rotterdam rule is in line with the needs of modern international transportation and trade, and its advanced regulations represent the trend of future development. On the other hand, some people point out that the rule is out of reality, is too idealized, and the language is vague and the logical structure is complex. Other reasons may not be able to realize the purpose of its original unified international transport law.
This article mainly focuses on the scope of application of the "Rotterdam rules". It will be divided into five parts to discuss its application in international multimodal transport.
The first part explains the background and course of the formulation of the "Rotterdam rules". The main content is that the Rotterdam rule is the need for the development of international trade and shipping practice, and expounds how the international community, especially international organizations, has worked out the rules after years of specific efforts.
The second part is divided into "sea and other" transport mode, twenty-sixth "net responsibility system" and three parts, which play the role of conflict standard. The second part analyses the scope of application of the rules comprehensively. This part points out that the scope of the "Rotterdam rule" is extended to multimodal transport including maritime transport zone, that is, "sea and other" models. Formula, in a considerable part, plays a role in the unification of international multimodal transport legislation. However, the "Rotterdam rules" is applicable to non maritime transport areas with certain constraints, if the Contracting States of the Rotterdam rules are the Convention on the contract for the international transportation of goods (CMR), the railway freight Convention - the unified rule > (COTIF-CIM), < In the case of the States parties to the The Montreal Convention and the two conventions applicable to the same contract of transport, the application of the "Rotterdam rules" to the "door to door" transport may conflict with other conventions. To this end, the Rotterdam rules have prepared an applicable exception clause - twenty-sixth for maritime transport. The prior and post transport damage precedes the application of other international transport conventions applicable to the section, namely, the "network liability system". In addition, the rules set up eighty-second - this conflict specification applicable to the conflict in the conflict between the Rotterdam rules and other international transport conventions.
The third part analyzes in detail the possibility of applying the "Rotterdam rules" in international multimodal transport, which is specifically divided into three parts, namely, the current international legal system on international multimodal transport, the relationship between the Rotterdam rules and other transport conventions, and the punching coordination mechanism in the rules of the case analysis.
The next fourth parts around the "sea + other" transport model, the twenty-sixth "network responsibility system" and the eighty-second conflict norms in their respective limitations in the application of three aspects, discuss the problems that may exist in the use of the "Rotterdam rule >". This part points out that these clauses may not be able to not only solve international multimodal. The purpose of unconformity of laws in intermodal transportation will make the application of law more uncertain and unpredictable.
The fifth part mainly puts forward China's Countermeasures against the entry into force of the "Rotterdam rules". This part first combs the provisions on the principles of the application of international multimodal transport law in domestic law, and points out that once the Convention is effective, it is likely to apply to China. Finally, it is suggested that China should actively study the provisions of the Convention and borrow the Rotterdam rules. We should actively modify the maritime law, and at the same time, carry out risk control measures in advance in all relevant transportation and trade sectors, so as to make full preparations for the entry into force of the Rotterdam rules.
The sixth part, which is the conclusion part, summarizes the first five parts of the contents of the "Rotterdam rule >" and the vague language, the purpose of realizing the unified multimodal transport system is still unknowns. However, in the face of the arrival of the "Rotterdam era", we must seriously study the Convention in order to reduce its transportation and trade to our country. The shock.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D996.19

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