本文選題：南極 + 微生物遺傳資源�。� 參考：《中國海洋大學》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：隨著全球暖化，南極冰蓋開始大面積融化。隱藏于冰蓋之下長達萬年之久的各種生物資源曝露在全世界面前，求知的欲望混合著資本的沖動奔向這片冰雪之域。南極微生物由于生長環(huán)境的特殊性造就了它們獨特的生物學機制和生理生化特征，在科學研究和商業(yè)應用方面有著巨大的潛在價值。為了保護南極的生態(tài)平衡和環(huán)境以及公平合理獲取和分享利用南極微生物遺傳資源產生的惠益，從保護的角度出發(fā)，梳理現(xiàn)有的國際法律框架就顯得尤為必要。 南極條約體系作為規(guī)制南極地區(qū)行為活動的法律規(guī)范，對南極微生物遺傳資源的開發(fā)、利用及管理具有當然管轄權。但對南極微生物遺傳資源保護的原則性規(guī)范多于具體性規(guī)范使得南極條約體系在這一問題上顯得力不從心。作為遺傳資源獲取和惠益分享領域的《生物多樣性公約》與《糧食和農業(yè)植物遺傳資源國際條約》在調整南極微生物遺傳資源獲取與惠益分享上則具有不同的局限性：首先，作為《生物多樣性公約》原則之一的國家主權原則使得其調整范圍限于國家管轄范圍內的遺傳資源，其建立的關于遺傳資源獲取與惠益分享的機制——波恩準則也是立足于此；其次，《糧食和農業(yè)植物遺傳資源國際條約》的調整對象是糧農植物遺傳資源，對南極微生物遺傳資源沒有適用效力。但這兩個國際協(xié)定及其建立的遺傳資源獲取與惠益分享制度對南極微生物遺傳資源有很大的借鑒價值。南大洋作為蘊藏生物資源最為豐富的海域能否適用《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》雖還有爭議，但是《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》確立的海洋環(huán)境保護原則和生物資源養(yǎng)護原則對南極微生物遺傳資源的開發(fā)具有啟示意義�！杜c貿易有關的知識產權協(xié)定》對微生物專利片面強調知識產權擁有者的保護而忽視遺傳資源提供者的做法引起了資源提供國的不滿。根據國際立法實踐，建立一個專門規(guī)制南極微生物遺傳資源保護的法律制度成本過高。因此，在南極微生物遺傳資源保護問題上，，單獨依靠某一法律制度或者創(chuàng)建一個新的法律制度對微生物遺傳資源的保護不盡人意。故而，發(fā)揮現(xiàn)有國際法律框架的最大效用并加強這些法律制度之間的協(xié)調成為現(xiàn)實的最佳抉擇。 “人類共同繼承財產”法律地位的確定對保護南極微生物遺傳資源并進而實現(xiàn)公平合理的獲取和分享由利用遺傳資源產生的惠益意義重大。中國作為正在崛起中的大國，應當及早制定包括南極微生物遺傳資源開發(fā)利用在內的南極戰(zhàn)略，在南極條約協(xié)商會議中發(fā)揮積極的建設性作用，維護發(fā)展中國家在南極的利益，真正實現(xiàn)全人類對南極微生物遺傳資源利益的共享。
[Abstract]:As the world warms, the Antarctic ice sheet begins to melt in large areas. Hidden under the ice sheet for thousands of years of biological resources exposed to the world, the desire for knowledge mixed with the impulse of capital to this ice and snow. Antarctic microbes have great potential value in scientific research and commercial application because of their unique biological mechanism and physiological and biochemical characteristics due to the particularity of their growing environment. In order to protect the ecological balance and environment of Antarctica and to obtain and share the benefits arising from the utilization of Antarctic microbial genetic resources, it is particularly necessary to sort out the existing international legal framework from the point of view of protection. The Antarctic Treaty system, as the legal norm to regulate the behavior in the Antarctic region, has natural jurisdiction over the exploitation, utilization and management of Antarctic microbial genetic resources. However, the protection of Antarctic microbial genetic resources has more principles than concrete norms, which makes the Antarctic treaty system seem to be unable to cope with this problem. The Convention on Biological Diversity, as a field of access and benefit-sharing of genetic resources, and the International Treaty on Plant genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture have different limitations in regulating access to and benefit-sharing of Antarctic microbial genetic resources: first, The principle of national sovereignty, one of the principles of the Convention on Biological Diversity, limits its scope of adjustment to genetic resources within national jurisdiction, and the Bonn guidelines on access and Benefit-sharing of genetic Resources established by it are based on this; Secondly, the International Treaty on Plant genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture regulates the plant genetic resources of food and agriculture, which has no effect on Antarctic microbial genetic resources. However, these two international agreements and the establishment of genetic resources access and benefit-sharing system have great reference value for Antarctic microbial genetic resources. Whether the Southern Ocean, as the most abundant area with living resources, can be applied to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is controversial, However, the principles of marine environmental protection and conservation of living resources established by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea are instructive to the development of genetic resources of microbes in Antarctica. The unilateral emphasis on the protection of intellectual property rights holders and the neglect of genetic resource providers have aroused dissatisfaction among resource providers. According to the practice of international legislation, it is too expensive to establish a special legal system to regulate the protection of Antarctic microbial genetic resources. Therefore, in the protection of Antarctic microbial genetic resources, it is unsatisfactory to rely on a legal system alone or to create a new legal system for the protection of microbial genetic resources. Therefore, the best choice is to maximize the effectiveness of the existing international legal framework and to strengthen the coordination among these legal systems. The determination of the legal status of "common heritage of mankind" is of great significance for the protection of Antarctic microbial genetic resources and the realization of equitable and reasonable access to and sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources. As a rising power, China should formulate an Antarctic strategy as soon as possible, including the development and utilization of Antarctic microbial genetic resources, and play an active and constructive role in the Antarctic Treaty Consultative meeting to safeguard the interests of developing countries in the Antarctic. The benefit of Antarctic microbial genetic resources is truly shared by all mankind.
【學位授予單位】：中國海洋大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D993.5;D996.9

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