發(fā)布時間：2018-06-15 12:25

  本文選題：國際貿(mào)易法 + 服務貿(mào)易��； 參考：《河北經(jīng)貿(mào)大學》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：從二十世紀伊始迄今,世界經(jīng)濟呈現(xiàn)出以服務經(jīng)濟的迅猛發(fā)展為其主要特點的態(tài)勢。二十世紀八十年代以來,貨物貿(mào)易的發(fā)展速度遠不及服務貿(mào)易,后者日益成為集“廣泛、強大和活躍”三個“最”大成于一身的經(jīng)濟部門。而國際服務貿(mào)易的自由化趨勢也伴隨著國際服務貿(mào)易的快速發(fā)展而逐步登上世界舞臺。一方面,這是以美國為首的發(fā)達國家大力推動導致的結(jié)果；另一方面,盡管發(fā)達國家與發(fā)展中國家所獲利益差異巨大,國際服務貿(mào)易的自由化卻因符合大多數(shù)國家的利益而生機盎然。從根本上來說,服務貿(mào)易的自由化是一把雙刃劍,它在給有關國家?guī)砝娴耐瑫r,也有可能會給這些國家?guī)韲乐貫碾y,導致這些國家產(chǎn)業(yè)受損、人員失業(yè)、整個國家陷入嚴重的經(jīng)濟危機或社會危機。正是由于存在著不同國家之間的利益差異與沖突,存在著機遇與風險,所以也就決定了服務貿(mào)易自由化是一個漸進的過程。在這一過程中,各國既要獲得服務貿(mào)易自由化所帶來的利益,又要規(guī)避服務貿(mào)易自由化所帶來的風險。要達成這樣的目標,最根本的途徑就是要建立一套保障措施機制。擁有這一機制,它既不妨礙貿(mào)易自由化進程,又不惡化弱勢國家和弱勢產(chǎn)業(yè)的處境,從而有效緩解上述矛盾。因此,保障措施是抵御貿(mào)易自由化負面影響的手段,是規(guī)避貿(mào)易自由化風險的工具,盡管它在一定程度上會延緩貿(mào)易自由化的步伐,卻能在實際的貿(mào)易交往中為貿(mào)易自由化保駕護航,成為貿(mào)易自由化的安全閥。 保障措施形成于貨物貿(mào)易領域,經(jīng)歷了從國內(nèi)法規(guī)則到國際法規(guī)則的演化過程。迄今為止,國際保障措施制度是以GATT1994第19條和WTO《保障措施協(xié)議》為核心內(nèi)容的體系。眾所周知,這一體系是適用于貨物貿(mào)易的保障體系,而隨著國際服務貿(mào)易的迅速發(fā)展,服務貿(mào)易領域的保障措施問題便被提上了議事日程�！斗⻊召Q(mào)易總協(xié)定》(GATS)以實現(xiàn)國際服務貿(mào)易逐步自由化為目標,它要求成員方利用具體承諾的方式實施市場準入和國民待遇,進而成為第一個管制國際服務貿(mào)易的全球性多邊協(xié)議,也是第一次為國際服務貿(mào)易自由化提供初步的法律框架。GATS第10條關于緊急保障措施(ESM)的規(guī)定,允許成員方建立相應的安全保障措施,并在非歧視原則的基礎上就該問題進行多邊談判,以期盡快達成共識從而減少在國際服務貿(mào)易逐漸自由化的過程中給服務業(yè)欠發(fā)達的發(fā)展中國家造成的沖擊和消極影響。 GATS在國際服務貿(mào)易緊急保障措施制度建構(gòu)的過程中,按照何種模式設計服務貿(mào)易緊急保障措施制度一直以來都是至關重要的問題,也是發(fā)達國家與發(fā)展中國家爭論最激烈的問題之一。而且,將貨物貿(mào)易保障措施規(guī)則借鑒適用于服務貿(mào)易領域也存在實際困難,這主要是源于貨物貿(mào)易和服務貿(mào)易在經(jīng)濟稟賦上存在著顯著的差異。故而,在服務貿(mào)易保障措施規(guī)則的制定過程中,必須考慮服務貿(mào)易自身的特殊性和復雜性。綜上所述,本文認為,國際服務貿(mào)易緊急保障措施法律制度的內(nèi)容應涵蓋以下方面：首先,是國際服務貿(mào)易緊急保障措施法律制度的宗旨與原則；其次,是關于國際服務貿(mào)易緊急保障措施法律制度實體規(guī)則方面的內(nèi)容；再次,是關于國際服務貿(mào)易緊急保障措施法律制度程序規(guī)則方面的內(nèi)容；此外,還包括國際服務貿(mào)易緊急保障措施的類型及其實施方面的內(nèi)容。當然,國際服務貿(mào)易緊急保障措施法律制度研究的目的,主要還是希望能最終服務于本國在服務貿(mào)易領域的緊急保障措施制度的建構(gòu)。 服務貿(mào)易自由化是大勢所趨。盡管,在這一趨勢下發(fā)達國家與發(fā)展中國家有著不同的利益訴求,并由此導致發(fā)達國家與發(fā)展中國家在建構(gòu)國際服務貿(mào)易緊急保障措施制度中有著不同的立場和態(tài)度,緊急保障措施制度仍在一定程度上充當著平衡發(fā)達國家與發(fā)展中國家利益的工具這一角色。中國作為世界上最大的發(fā)展中國家,應在國際服務貿(mào)易緊急保障措施法律制度的構(gòu)建中堅持發(fā)展中國家的立場,維護發(fā)展中國家的利益,在GATS規(guī)則談判中積極支持ESM機制的建立。與此同時,為了國內(nèi)服務產(chǎn)業(yè)的健康有序發(fā)展,保障國家經(jīng)濟安全,還必須展開服務貿(mào)易緊急保障措施的國內(nèi)立法工作,建立實體規(guī)范、程序嚴格、實施合理的,具有中國特色的服務貿(mào)易緊急保障措施法律制度。
[Abstract]:Since the beginning of the twentieth Century, the world economy has shown its main characteristics with the rapid development of the service economy. Since 1980s, the development of goods trade is far less than service trade, and the latter is increasingly becoming a "broad, powerful and active" three "most" economic sector. And international services The liberalization trend of trade is also accompanied by the rapid development of international trade in services. On the one hand, this is the result of great efforts by the developed countries led by the United States. On the other hand, the liberalization of international trade in services is consistent with most of the great differences in interests between developed and developing countries. The interests of the country are vital. Fundamentally, the liberalization of service trade is a double-edged sword. It can bring benefits to the countries concerned, and it can also bring serious disasters to these countries, resulting in the damage to the industries, the unemployment of the people, the serious economic crisis or social crisis in the whole country. There are opportunities and risks in the differences and conflicts between different countries. Therefore, the liberalization of service trade is a gradual process. In this process, countries should not only gain the benefits brought by the liberalization of service trade, but also avoid the risks brought by the liberalization of service trade. The fundamental way is to establish a set of safeguards mechanism. With this mechanism, it does not prevent the process of trade liberalization, and does not deteriorate the situation of disadvantaged and disadvantaged industries, thus effectively alleviating the above contradictions. Therefore, the safeguard measures are the means to resist the negative effects of trade liberalization, and are the tools to avoid the risks of trade liberalization. To a certain extent, it will delay the pace of trade liberalization, but it can protect trade liberalization and become a safety valve for trade liberalization in actual trade exchanges.
The safeguards are formed in the field of trade in goods and have experienced the evolution from domestic law rules to international law rules. To date, the international safeguards system is a system with the core content of the GATT1994 nineteenth and WTO< safeguards agreement. It is well known that this system is a guarantee system for goods trade and with international services. The rapid development of trade has been put on the agenda. The general agreement on trade in services (GATS) aims to achieve the gradual liberalization of international trade in services. It requires members to implement market access and nationals in the way of specific commitments, and then become the first to control international trade in services. The global multilateral agreement is also the first time to provide a preliminary legal framework for the liberalization of international trade in services,.GATS tenth on the provisions of the emergency safeguards (ESM), allowing members of Fang Jianli's corresponding security measures and multilateral negotiations on the basis of the principle of non discrimination in order to reach a consensus as soon as possible thus reducing it The process of gradual liberalization of international trade in services has had a negative impact on the less developed developing countries.
In the process of the construction of the system of emergency safeguard measures for international trade in services, GATS has always been a crucial issue in the design of the system of emergency safeguard measures for service trade. It is also one of the most heated issues in the developed countries and developing countries. Furthermore, the use of the rules of trade security measures for goods and goods is applied to service trade. There are also practical difficulties in the easy field. This is mainly due to the significant difference in economic endowments between goods trade and service trade. Therefore, the particularity and complexity of service trade must be taken into consideration in the formulation of the rules for the protection of service trade. The content of the law system should cover the following aspects: first, it is the purpose and principle of the legal system of international service trade emergency safeguard measures. Secondly, it is the content of the substantive rules of the legal system of international service trade emergency safeguard measures, and again, on the procedural rules of the legal system of international service trade emergency safeguard measures. In addition, it also includes the types of emergency measures for international service trade and the content of their implementation. Of course, the purpose of the study of the legal system of international service trade emergency safeguard measures is mainly to serve as a final service for the construction of the system of emergency protection measures in the field of service trade in the country.
The liberalization of service trade is the trend of the times. Despite the different interests of developed countries and developing countries in this trend, the developed and developing countries have different positions and attitudes in the system of emergency safeguard measures for the construction of international trade in service and trade. The system of emergency safeguard measures is still to a certain extent. As the tool of balancing the interests of developed countries and developing countries, China, as the largest developing country in the world, should adhere to the position of developing countries, safeguard the interests of developing countries, and actively support the establishment of the ESM mechanism in the negotiation of the GATS rules. At the same time, for the healthy and orderly development of the domestic service industry and the security of the national economy, the domestic legislative work of the emergency safeguard measures of service trade must be carried out, and the legal system of the emergency protection measures of service trade with Chinese characteristics is established.
【學位授予單位】：河北經(jīng)貿(mào)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D996.1

【引證文獻】

相關碩士學位論文 前1條

1 王小丹;國際服務貿(mào)易保障措施制度探析[D];中國海洋大學;2012年

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本文編號：2022003