本文選題：第三次海洋法會議 + 海峽通行制度��； 參考：《北京外國語大學》2016年碩士論文

【摘要】：《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》的第三部分對“用于國際航行的海峽”作了詳細的規(guī)定,形成了一套完整的通行制度,直到今天仍然適用。參與公約制定的各國圍繞海峽通行制度展開激烈的爭論,作為海洋超級大國的美國也積極參與到制度制定過程中,而最終形成了過境通行制度對美國極為有利。作者主要關(guān)注國際海峽通行談判中美國的談判行為,并分析談判結(jié)果對美國有利的原因。通過借鑒國際談判分析理論,可以從三個層級對美國參與國際海峽通行談判的行為進行分析。首先是“語境”分析,這是談判發(fā)生時的背景、環(huán)境和基礎,構(gòu)成美國參與談判的最基本的影響因素。該層級中,國際格局對美國不利。新獨立的第三世界國家極力謀求對海洋的排他占有,單方面發(fā)布超越傳統(tǒng)界限的寬領海聲明,致使很多用于國際航行的海峽成為領海覆蓋的海域,極大的限制了美國海軍的活動范圍。但美國迅速做出反應,調(diào)整海洋政策,積極謀求世界范圍內(nèi)的海洋法會議,期望能通過會議建立有利于自己的海洋制度,并且在海峽領域設定了清晰但概況性很強的談判目標——自由通過國際海峽,這些行為使美國逐漸奪得談判先機。其次是“架構(gòu)、結(jié)構(gòu)和關(guān)系”分析,這是談判開展的中間層級,決定談判展開的方向和具體方式。該層級中,美國積極參與海峽制度的構(gòu)建,力爭在每個環(huán)節(jié)中增加自己的影響力。具體做法是：積極調(diào)配人力,影響談判的決策程序,謀求對談判架構(gòu)的主導權(quán)；同冷戰(zhàn)中的“敵人”蘇聯(lián)、海洋大國英國和日本等聯(lián)合在一起,共同抵制作為談判對手的眾多發(fā)展中國家的要求,爭取自由地通過國際海峽。最后是“階段”分析,通過借鑒公共政策理論中的“政策形成理論”,根據(jù)不同的時間節(jié)點可以進一步將其分為議程設置、制度形成、制度通過和制度評估四個子階段。通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),美國充分利用自己超級大國的地位,在草案籌備會議中加入對其有利的議案;通過承認第三世界國家對專屬經(jīng)濟區(qū)的有限控制和不斷細化對自由航行的解釋等手段使海峽沿岸國家逐漸放棄了最初堅持的無害通行制度,形成了充分體現(xiàn)美國利益的過境通行制度。總的來說,在國際海峽通行談判發(fā)生時的全球和海洋格局對美國極為不利的背景下,美國通過對談判進程的充分把握成功的扭轉(zhuǎn)了最初的不利環(huán)境,基本上實現(xiàn)了其設定的談判目標,形成了有利于自己的國際海峽通行制度。
[Abstract]:The third part of the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea has made a detailed provision on the "Straits for international navigation", forming a complete system of passage that is still applicable to the present. The countries involved in the Convention have a heated debate around the passage system of the Straits, and the United States, as a superpower of the ocean, also actively participates in the formulation of the system. In the course of the process, the system of transit passage is of great benefit to the United States. The author focuses on the negotiation behavior of the United States in the negotiation of the international Straits and analyzes the reasons for the benefit of the United States. Through the reference of the theory of international negotiation analysis, the United States can be analyzed from three levels to participate in the negotiation of the international Straits. First, the "context" analysis, which is the background, environment and foundation of the negotiations, constitutes the most fundamental factor in the United States' participation in the negotiations. At that level, the international pattern is unfavourable to the United States. The newly independent third world countries strive for the exclusive possession of the ocean, and the declaration of a broad territorial sea that is beyond the traditional limits. The Strait, which is used for international navigation, has become a sea area covered by the territorial sea, which greatly limits the scope of the activities of the United States Navy. However, the United States reacts quickly, adjusts its marine policies, actively seeks the World Conference on the law of the sea, and expects to establish a maritime system conducive to its own by meeting, and has set a clear but very clear channel in the field of the Straits. A strong negotiated goal - free passage through the international Straits, these actions have led the United States to seize the opportunity to negotiate. The second is the analysis of "structure, structure and relationship", which is the middle level of negotiations and determines the direction and concrete way of negotiation. The specific practice is: actively mobilizing human resources, affecting the decision-making process of negotiation, and seeking the leadership of the negotiation framework; together with the "enemy" of the Soviet Union, the great powers of the United Kingdom and Japan in the cold war, boycotting the demands of many developing countries as a negotiator and striving for the free passage of the country. In the end, it is a "stage" analysis. By drawing on the "policy formation theory" in public policy theory, it can be further divided into agenda setting, system formation, system passage and system assessment in four sub stages according to different time nodes. In the preparation of the conference, the favorable bill was added; by recognizing the limited control of the exclusive economic zone and the continuous refinement of the interpretation of free navigation by the third world countries, the coastal states of the Straits had gradually abandoned the initial harmless passage system and formed a transit system that fully embodied the interest of the United States. Under the adverse background of the global and marine structure of the channel negotiation, the United States successfully reversed the initial adverse environment through the full grasp of the negotiation process, basically realized the goal of its negotiation, and formed a system of international Strait passage for itself.
【學位授予單位】：北京外國語大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：D993.5
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本文編號：2013517