本文選題：WTO + 私人標準��； 參考：《武漢大學》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：2012年的《世界貿易報告》認為,國際貿易所發(fā)生的實質性變化及私人標準的發(fā)展以及使用可能進一步促進國際貿易領域的組織性一體化。政府就私人標準這一問題所承擔的責任以及WTO在此問題上的角色并不明晰。WTO在解決私人標準所產生之貿易影響是當下多邊貿易體制所要面臨的重要問題之一。私人標準這一問題貫穿WTO的日常工作,在內容上又極其多元化,涵蓋綠色保護主義,食品安全以及人權勞工社會責任等。隨著私人標準泛濫,在WTO內部,發(fā)展中國家日益對此問題的擴散表現出擔憂,強調其造成實質性的貿易壁壘,限制發(fā)展中國家產品的市場準入,而發(fā)達國家在此方面則認為其完全是一個私人行為,WTO不應該也不適合干涉。因此,面對私人標準泛濫的問題,其成因以及理論基礎為何,其對以WTO為核心的多邊貿易體制產生何種影響?WTO貨物貿易協定又能在此發(fā)揮何種作用,又應該如何解決?本文就上述問題作出研究。 除緒論和結論外,本文主體部分共分四章。 第一章作為本論文起點,就私人標準本體及其與國際貿易之間關系展開論述。界定了私人標準的內涵與外延,并通過私人標準運行論對私人標準運行的目的,模式與遵守及合法性問題作出分析。之后,分析私人標準對國際貿易所造成的正反兩方面效應。在積極方面,私人標準所具有的某些特質與效果使其可以作為國際貿易的助推器。而在負面效應上,私人標準則可能成為國際貿易壁壘,妨礙自由貿易的發(fā)展。同時強調,私人標準的正反兩方面效應并非絕對,應該辯證看待。 第二章是對當下WTO貨物貿易框架下相關協定對私人標準規(guī)制可能性的分析。作為一個大前提,筆者首先批判了在《GATT1994》下把私人標準行為歸結為國家行為論證的悖論。隨后在《SPS協定》以及《TBT協定》框架下探討私人標準被規(guī)制的可能。最終得出結論,在《SPS協定》及《TBT協定》下,由于兩個協定的措辭都對私人標準能否規(guī)制模糊不清,因此筆者認為不適宜認定兩個協定能對私人標準行為進行規(guī)制。 第三章就私人標準對WTO法律體系的影響展開論述。首先通過探討WTO法中的法律淵源從而指出私人標準這一本質屬于國際軟法的規(guī)范不能成為WTO的法律淵源。進而透過法律條文及司法實踐對WTO法律體系中關于國際標準的認定,認為如國際標準化組織等私人標準制定機構所制定標準亦有可能在WTO法律體系內具備準“法律性”。最后認為私人標準已對WTO合法性產生沖擊。 第四章主要分為三部分,首先對現有的在WTO貨物貿易框架下相關協定委員會或其他關于對私人標準解決的方案進行了評價與分析。進而認為WTO貨物貿易框架下解決私人標準問題并非最佳選擇。其次針對在國內層面上通過競爭法對私人標準調整的方案進行分析和評價,認為其亦不能起完全解決私人標準問題作用,但是不失為一種渠道。最后提出通過公私伙伴關系理論結合全球行政法治理原則,在WTO,各私人標準制定者,WTO成員國以及各私人標準可能受影響的潛在利益方之間構筑一個咨詢委員會性質的伙伴合作機構,以期更好地解決私人標準問題。 結論部分對全文進行總結論述,側重指出當下WTO貨物貿易框架內法律機制對私人標準的調整不能,在提煉全球行政法核心內涵基礎上強調建立公私伙伴關系的高級委員會,通過多主體的融合解決私人標準問題。
[Abstract]:The 2012 world trade report believes that the substantive changes in international trade and the development and use of private standards may further promote organizational integration in the field of international trade. The responsibility of the government on the issue of private standards and the role of WTO on this issue are not clear about the resolution of.WTO in the settlement of private standards. The impact of trade is one of the most important issues facing the present multilateral trading system. The issue of private standards runs through the daily work of WTO and is extremely diverse in content, covering green protectionism, food safety and human rights labor social responsibility. With the proliferation of private standards, the developing countries are increasingly involved in the WTO. The spread of the problem shows concern, emphasizing its substantial trade barriers and restricting market access for developing countries, while developed countries consider it a private act and WTO should not be suitable for interference. Therefore, in the face of the problem of the proliferation of private standards, the cause and the theoretical basis of the problem are WTO What is the impact of the multilateral trading system on the core? What role can the WTO goods trade agreement play and how to solve it? This paper studies the above issues.
Besides the introduction and conclusion, the main body of this article is divided into four chapters.
The first chapter, as the starting point of this paper, discusses the relationship between private standard ontology and its relations with international trade. It defines the connotation and extension of private standards, and analyzes the purpose, pattern, compliance and legality of private standard operation through private standard operation theory, and analyzes the effect of private standards on international trade. Positive and negative two effects. On the positive side, some characteristics and effects of private standards can be used as boosters in international trade. In negative effects, private standards may become international trade barriers and prevent the development of free trade. At the same time, the positive and negative effects of private standards are not absolute and should be viewed dialectically. Wait.
The second chapter is an analysis of the possibility of private standard regulation under the current WTO goods trade framework. As a prerequisite, the author first criticizes the paradox of the private standard behavior as a state behavior argument under . Then, the possibility of the private standards being regulated under the The third chapter discusses the influence of private standards on the legal system of WTO. First, through the discussion of the origin of the law in the WTO law, it points out that the private standard, which is a standard of international soft law, can not be the legal source of WTO. Then, the identification of International standards in the WTO legal system through legal provisions and judicial practice is considered as an example. The standards set by the international organization for standardization, such as the international organization for standardization, may also have a quasi "legal" in the WTO legal system. Finally, the private standards have had an impact on the legitimacy of the WTO.
The fourth chapter is divided into three parts. First, it evaluates and analyzes the existing relevant agreement committees or other solutions to private standards under the framework of WTO goods trade. Then, it is considered that the problem of solving private standards under the framework of WTO goods trade is not the best choice. Secondly, it is aimed at the private sector at the domestic level by competition law. The human standard adjustment scheme is analyzed and evaluated, and it is considered that it can not fully solve the role of the private standard, but it is a channel. Finally, the potential of the WTO, the individual standard makers, the WTO members and the private standards may be affected by the theory of public-private partnership and the governance principles of global administrative law. The interests of the parties to build a consultative committee of the nature of the cooperative partner institutions, in order to better solve the problem of private standards.
The conclusion is a summary of the full text. It emphasizes that the regulation of the legal mechanism within the framework of WTO goods trade can't adjust the private standards. On the basis of refining the core connotation of the global administrative law, it emphasizes the establishment of the high level committee of public-private partnership and solves the problem of private standards through the integration of many subjects.
【學位授予單位】：武漢大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D996.1

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