本文選題：WTO + 私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)　； 參考：《武漢大學(xué)》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：2012年的《世界貿(mào)易報(bào)告》認(rèn)為,國(guó)際貿(mào)易所發(fā)生的實(shí)質(zhì)性變化及私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的發(fā)展以及使用可能進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)國(guó)際貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域的組織性一體化。政府就私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)這一問題所承擔(dān)的責(zé)任以及WTO在此問題上的角色并不明晰。WTO在解決私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所產(chǎn)生之貿(mào)易影響是當(dāng)下多邊貿(mào)易體制所要面臨的重要問題之一。私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)這一問題貫穿WTO的日常工作,在內(nèi)容上又極其多元化,涵蓋綠色保護(hù)主義,食品安全以及人權(quán)勞工社會(huì)責(zé)任等。隨著私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)泛濫,在WTO內(nèi)部,發(fā)展中國(guó)家日益對(duì)此問題的擴(kuò)散表現(xiàn)出擔(dān)憂,強(qiáng)調(diào)其造成實(shí)質(zhì)性的貿(mào)易壁壘,限制發(fā)展中國(guó)家產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入,而發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家在此方面則認(rèn)為其完全是一個(gè)私人行為,WTO不應(yīng)該也不適合干涉。因此,面對(duì)私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)泛濫的問題,其成因以及理論基礎(chǔ)為何,其對(duì)以WTO為核心的多邊貿(mào)易體制產(chǎn)生何種影響?WTO貨物貿(mào)易協(xié)定又能在此發(fā)揮何種作用,又應(yīng)該如何解決?本文就上述問題作出研究。 除緒論和結(jié)論外,本文主體部分共分四章。 第一章作為本論文起點(diǎn),就私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)本體及其與國(guó)際貿(mào)易之間關(guān)系展開論述。界定了私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的內(nèi)涵與外延,并通過私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)運(yùn)行論對(duì)私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)運(yùn)行的目的,模式與遵守及合法性問題作出分析。之后,分析私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易所造成的正反兩方面效應(yīng)。在積極方面,私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所具有的某些特質(zhì)與效果使其可以作為國(guó)際貿(mào)易的助推器。而在負(fù)面效應(yīng)上,私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)則可能成為國(guó)際貿(mào)易壁壘,妨礙自由貿(mào)易的發(fā)展。同時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào),私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的正反兩方面效應(yīng)并非絕對(duì),應(yīng)該辯證看待。 第二章是對(duì)當(dāng)下WTO貨物貿(mào)易框架下相關(guān)協(xié)定對(duì)私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)制可能性的分析。作為一個(gè)大前提,筆者首先批判了在《GATT1994》下把私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)行為歸結(jié)為國(guó)家行為論證的悖論。隨后在《SPS協(xié)定》以及《TBT協(xié)定》框架下探討私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)被規(guī)制的可能。最終得出結(jié)論,在《SPS協(xié)定》及《TBT協(xié)定》下,由于兩個(gè)協(xié)定的措辭都對(duì)私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)能否規(guī)制模糊不清,因此筆者認(rèn)為不適宜認(rèn)定兩個(gè)協(xié)定能對(duì)私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)行為進(jìn)行規(guī)制。 第三章就私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)WTO法律體系的影響展開論述。首先通過探討WTO法中的法律淵源從而指出私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)這一本質(zhì)屬于國(guó)際軟法的規(guī)范不能成為WTO的法律淵源。進(jìn)而透過法律條文及司法實(shí)踐對(duì)WTO法律體系中關(guān)于國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的認(rèn)定,認(rèn)為如國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織等私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定機(jī)構(gòu)所制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)亦有可能在WTO法律體系內(nèi)具備準(zhǔn)“法律性”。最后認(rèn)為私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)已對(duì)WTO合法性產(chǎn)生沖擊。 第四章主要分為三部分,首先對(duì)現(xiàn)有的在WTO貨物貿(mào)易框架下相關(guān)協(xié)定委員會(huì)或其他關(guān)于對(duì)私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解決的方案進(jìn)行了評(píng)價(jià)與分析。進(jìn)而認(rèn)為WTO貨物貿(mào)易框架下解決私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)問題并非最佳選擇。其次針對(duì)在國(guó)內(nèi)層面上通過競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法對(duì)私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)調(diào)整的方案進(jìn)行分析和評(píng)價(jià),認(rèn)為其亦不能起完全解決私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)問題作用,但是不失為一種渠道。最后提出通過公私伙伴關(guān)系理論結(jié)合全球行政法治理原則,在WTO,各私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定者,WTO成員國(guó)以及各私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可能受影響的潛在利益方之間構(gòu)筑一個(gè)咨詢委員會(huì)性質(zhì)的伙伴合作機(jī)構(gòu),以期更好地解決私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)問題。 結(jié)論部分對(duì)全文進(jìn)行總結(jié)論述,側(cè)重指出當(dāng)下WTO貨物貿(mào)易框架內(nèi)法律機(jī)制對(duì)私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的調(diào)整不能,在提煉全球行政法核心內(nèi)涵基礎(chǔ)上強(qiáng)調(diào)建立公私伙伴關(guān)系的高級(jí)委員會(huì),通過多主體的融合解決私人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)問題。
[Abstract]:The 2012 world trade report believes that the substantive changes in international trade and the development and use of private standards may further promote organizational integration in the field of international trade. The responsibility of the government on the issue of private standards and the role of WTO on this issue are not clear about the resolution of.WTO in the settlement of private standards. The impact of trade is one of the most important issues facing the present multilateral trading system. The issue of private standards runs through the daily work of WTO and is extremely diverse in content, covering green protectionism, food safety and human rights labor social responsibility. With the proliferation of private standards, the developing countries are increasingly involved in the WTO. The spread of the problem shows concern, emphasizing its substantial trade barriers and restricting market access for developing countries, while developed countries consider it a private act and WTO should not be suitable for interference. Therefore, in the face of the problem of the proliferation of private standards, the cause and the theoretical basis of the problem are WTO What is the impact of the multilateral trading system on the core? What role can the WTO goods trade agreement play and how to solve it? This paper studies the above issues.
Besides the introduction and conclusion, the main body of this article is divided into four chapters.
The first chapter, as the starting point of this paper, discusses the relationship between private standard ontology and its relations with international trade. It defines the connotation and extension of private standards, and analyzes the purpose, pattern, compliance and legality of private standard operation through private standard operation theory, and analyzes the effect of private standards on international trade. Positive and negative two effects. On the positive side, some characteristics and effects of private standards can be used as boosters in international trade. In negative effects, private standards may become international trade barriers and prevent the development of free trade. At the same time, the positive and negative effects of private standards are not absolute and should be viewed dialectically. Wait.
The second chapter is an analysis of the possibility of private standard regulation under the current WTO goods trade framework. As a prerequisite, the author first criticizes the paradox of the private standard behavior as a state behavior argument under . Then, the possibility of the private standards being regulated under the The third chapter discusses the influence of private standards on the legal system of WTO. First, through the discussion of the origin of the law in the WTO law, it points out that the private standard, which is a standard of international soft law, can not be the legal source of WTO. Then, the identification of International standards in the WTO legal system through legal provisions and judicial practice is considered as an example. The standards set by the international organization for standardization, such as the international organization for standardization, may also have a quasi "legal" in the WTO legal system. Finally, the private standards have had an impact on the legitimacy of the WTO.
The fourth chapter is divided into three parts. First, it evaluates and analyzes the existing relevant agreement committees or other solutions to private standards under the framework of WTO goods trade. Then, it is considered that the problem of solving private standards under the framework of WTO goods trade is not the best choice. Secondly, it is aimed at the private sector at the domestic level by competition law. The human standard adjustment scheme is analyzed and evaluated, and it is considered that it can not fully solve the role of the private standard, but it is a channel. Finally, the potential of the WTO, the individual standard makers, the WTO members and the private standards may be affected by the theory of public-private partnership and the governance principles of global administrative law. The interests of the parties to build a consultative committee of the nature of the cooperative partner institutions, in order to better solve the problem of private standards.
The conclusion is a summary of the full text. It emphasizes that the regulation of the legal mechanism within the framework of WTO goods trade can't adjust the private standards. On the basis of refining the core connotation of the global administrative law, it emphasizes the establishment of the high level committee of public-private partnership and solves the problem of private standards through the integration of many subjects.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：D996.1

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