本文選題：航空碳稅 + EU��； 參考：《湘潭大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：按照2008/101/EC號(hào)指令的規(guī)定，從2012年1月1日開(kāi)始，國(guó)際航空運(yùn)輸業(yè)將會(huì)被納入到歐盟碳排放交易機(jī)制（EU ETS)中，屆時(shí)，所有在歐盟境內(nèi)機(jī)場(chǎng)起降的國(guó)際航班都將受一定排放配額的限制，超額部分要向歐盟購(gòu)買(mǎi)排放額度，實(shí)際上相當(dāng)于是在征收“航空碳稅”。歐盟此舉無(wú)疑引發(fā)了非歐盟國(guó)家和航空公司的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)，部分國(guó)家還采取措施予以聯(lián)合抵制。盡管歐盟在一片反對(duì)聲中暫停了航空碳排放交易機(jī)制的實(shí)施，但是并不代表歐盟將永久取締該項(xiàng)指令的實(shí)施，其亦有可能在排除阻礙后繼續(xù)啟動(dòng)航空碳稅的征收。 歐盟2008/101/EC號(hào)指令的頒布以及歐盟征收航空碳稅的行動(dòng)不符合相關(guān)國(guó)際性公約和國(guó)際習(xí)慣法的規(guī)定。首先，歐盟不加區(qū)別的對(duì)所有起降在其境內(nèi)機(jī)場(chǎng)的國(guó)際航班統(tǒng)一征收航空碳稅，有違《聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候變化框架公約》及《京都議定書(shū)》下“共同但有區(qū)別責(zé)任原則”。發(fā)展中國(guó)家在《京都議定書(shū)》的碳減排承諾中并沒(méi)有強(qiáng)制減排的義務(wù)，而歐盟此舉勢(shì)必將其嚴(yán)苛的碳減排任務(wù)變向轉(zhuǎn)嫁給了發(fā)展中國(guó)家。其次，歐盟對(duì)進(jìn)出其境內(nèi)機(jī)場(chǎng)的國(guó)際航班征收全程的航空碳稅不符合國(guó)際法有關(guān)域外管轄的規(guī)定。根據(jù)國(guó)際習(xí)慣法上的“效果理論”，一國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)法的域外適用首先必須是該域外行為對(duì)本國(guó)具有實(shí)質(zhì)性影響。同時(shí)，國(guó)內(nèi)法的域外適用也不能損害其他國(guó)家以及整個(gè)國(guó)際社會(huì)的利益。然而，，事實(shí)上，國(guó)際航空業(yè)的碳排放并沒(méi)有對(duì)歐盟產(chǎn)生實(shí)質(zhì)性、根本性的影響，歐盟此舉無(wú)非是以航空碳減排之名，行碳減排成本轉(zhuǎn)嫁之實(shí)，其區(qū)域法律的域外適用對(duì)整個(gè)國(guó)際社會(huì)，尤其是發(fā)展中國(guó)家的航空業(yè)造成了巨大的壓力。因此，歐盟將國(guó)際航空納入其單邊碳排放交易機(jī)制，實(shí)際上是不符合習(xí)慣國(guó)際法上的“效果理論”。 作為歐盟最大的貿(mào)易伙伴國(guó)以及最大的發(fā)展中國(guó)家，歐盟航空碳稅的征收對(duì)中國(guó)對(duì)歐貿(mào)易無(wú)疑會(huì)產(chǎn)生重大影響，加之中國(guó)的航空服務(wù)業(yè)本身發(fā)展水平還很低，沉重的航空碳稅負(fù)擔(dān)將不利于我國(guó)航空業(yè)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。因此，我國(guó)有必要對(duì)航空碳排放交易領(lǐng)域保持密切關(guān)注，并積極思考應(yīng)對(duì)之策。具體而言，中國(guó)一方面可以通過(guò)訴訟途徑來(lái)挑戰(zhàn)歐盟航空域外管轄權(quán)的擴(kuò)張，另一方面，也應(yīng)盡快構(gòu)建本國(guó)的碳交易市場(chǎng)，建立等效機(jī)制來(lái)抵制歐盟征收航空碳稅。同時(shí)，也應(yīng)積極通過(guò)外交等途徑盡可能消除歐盟航空碳稅對(duì)中國(guó)的不利影響，包括聯(lián)合世界上其它國(guó)家一同抵制歐盟單邊征收航空碳稅等。
[Abstract]:According to the 2008/101/EC Directive, from January 1, 2012, the international air transport industry will be included in the European Union carbon Emission Trading Mechanism (EU ETS). All international flights to and from airports in the EU will be subject to certain emission quotas, and the excess will buy credits from the EU, effectively imposing an "air carbon tax." The EU's move has undoubtedly sparked strong opposition from non-EU countries and airlines, and some have taken steps to boycott it. Although the European Union has suspended the implementation of an aviation carbon trading scheme amid opposition, it does not mean the EU will permanently ban the directive, and it is likely to continue to impose an aviation carbon tax without hindrance. The promulgation of the EU 2008/101/EC Directive and the EU's action to levy an air carbon tax are inconsistent with relevant international conventions and international customary law. First, the European Union imposes a uniform air carbon tax on all international flights taking off and landing at its airports without distinction, contrary to the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change and the Kyoto Protocol. Developing countries have no obligation to do so in their Kyoto commitments, and the European Union's move is set to shift its onerous mandate to developing countries. Secondly, the European Union imposes a full air carbon tax on international flights to and from its airports, which does not comply with the provisions of international law on extraterritorial jurisdiction. According to the "effect theory" of international customary law, the extraterritorial application of a country's domestic law must first be that the extraterritorial act has a substantial impact on its own country. At the same time, the extraterritorial application of domestic law must not harm the interests of other countries and the international community as a whole. However, in fact, the carbon emissions from the international aviation industry have not had a substantial, fundamental impact on the European Union. The EU's move is nothing more than a transfer of the cost of reducing carbon emissions in the name of aviation carbon emission reduction. The extraterritorial application of its regional laws has placed great pressure on the international community as a whole, especially on the aviation industry in developing countries. Therefore, the EU's inclusion of international aviation in its unilateral carbon emissions trading mechanism is in fact inconsistent with the "effect theory" in customary international law. As the largest trading partner of the EU and the largest developing country, the imposition of the EU Air carbon tax will undoubtedly have a significant impact on China's trade with Europe, and the level of development of China's aviation service industry itself is still very low. Heavy aviation carbon tax burden will not be conducive to the further development of China's aviation industry. Therefore, it is necessary for China to pay close attention to the field of aviation carbon emissions trading and actively consider the countermeasures. In particular, on the one hand, China can challenge the expansion of EU aviation extraterritorial jurisdiction through litigation, on the other hand, it should also set up its own carbon trading market as soon as possible and establish an equivalent mechanism to resist the imposition of aviation carbon tax by the EU. At the same time, we should try our best to eliminate the negative effects of EU Air carbon tax on China through diplomacy and other channels, including joining other countries in the world to resist the unilateral imposition of Air carbon tax by the EU and so on.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湘潭大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D996.9

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