本文選題：晚清 + 國際公約��； 參考：《湖南師范大學》2011年博士論文

【摘要】：國際公約是在國際會議上,經(jīng)過多國協(xié)商通過或簽訂,或是由國際組織制訂,旨在處理和規(guī)定國際社會之共同事務的多邊造法條約。一國對國際公約的參加和運用,直接反映了該國在世界上的地位、作用和影響。晚清時期是中國參與國際公約,對內(nèi)推進相關立法、出臺相關制度,對外承擔國際責任的萌起和初步發(fā)展階段。相對于19世紀中葉以來,中國在列強武力脅迫下,以簽訂不平等條約的方式被強行拖入國際社會而言,此一時期中國對國際公約的參與無疑開辟了一條相對主動且平等地進入國際社會的新途徑。對晚清中國參與國際公約進行考察,不僅是我們理解近代中國與國際社會關系變遷的管鑰,而且也能進一步拓展中外條約關系研究,并幫助我們從另一個角度來透視中國近代化的國家建設。研究這一時期中國在加入國際公約上表現(xiàn)出來的特點,總結(jié)其中的經(jīng)驗教訓,能夠為今天中國參與國際活動提供重要的參考。本文分緒論、正文、結(jié)語三個部分,對晚清時期中國與國際公約的關系進行探討。 緒論部分重點闡述了國際公約的內(nèi)涵、參加、保留以及運用,介紹了選題意義,檢視和分析了既有的研究狀況,指出本文創(chuàng)新與不足之處,說明研究方法與研究思路。 正文部分為上、下兩篇,共七章。 上篇四章,主要按照歷史的縱向發(fā)展線索,以洋務運動、甲午戰(zhàn)后、清末時期為時間坐標,分三個階段回溯中國參加國際公約的歷史脈絡,把握其演化及特點。在此基礎上,還重點對中國的內(nèi)外環(huán)境及條件進行考察,探討各階段變化的根源,揭示政府及各方面人士對參加公約的主張和意見,并與國際法學相結(jié)合,從法律關系的視角,對這一時期中國與國際公約關系的構(gòu)建進行縱向考察和橫向剖析。具體而言： 第一章交代晚清中國參與國際公約的宏觀背景。指出19世紀中后期以來,國際會議頻繁召開,系列國際公約得以制訂,這些國際事務處理的新趨向為各國提供了一個融入國際社會、表現(xiàn)自我的大舞臺。與此同時,中國在對外關系的處理上還背負著從傳統(tǒng)向近代轉(zhuǎn)型的重任,在與國際社會的關系處理上也經(jīng)歷了由隔拒到調(diào)適接軌、再到主動進入的轉(zhuǎn)變,這是中國參與國際會議,接觸或參加國際公約的又一重要基礎和平臺。 第二章對洋務運動時期中國與國際公約的早期接觸進行探討。認為此一時期中國對國際會議的參與體現(xiàn)了“聯(lián)絡邦交”的主旨。而且在防御中進取的外交基調(diào)下,19世紀80年代之后中國開始接觸國際公約的制訂會議,并通過參與《國際海關稅則出版聯(lián)盟公約》,形成了參加國際公約的最初實踐。 第三章考察了甲午戰(zhàn)后對國際公約的努力參加,指出此一時期中國開始從全球角度思考自己的位置,并逐漸生出融入國際社會的意識。在此影響下,中國不僅接受了《航海避碰章程》,而且還參與大規(guī)模的公約制訂會議,并籌議和簽署了第一次保和會系列國際公約,從而開啟了參與國際公約的新階段。 第四章對清末期間中國與國際公約關系的拓展進行了翔實地考察。認為在自進于“文明國”的身份定位下,這一時期中國在參加國際公約方而,不僅數(shù)量大增,而且涉及的領域覆蓋到了和解紛爭、戰(zhàn)爭法規(guī)、農(nóng)業(yè)等各方面,同時還承載了建構(gòu)平等條約關系,謀求大國地位的使命。 下篇共三章,主要從和解公斷、戰(zhàn)爭法以及交通類國際公約三個橫向側(cè)而,考察中國在未參加公約前對國際公約相關規(guī)則的采用,以及公約締結(jié)生效后對條約的宣傳、推廣及履行。重點探討了中國援引國際公約,對內(nèi)推進相關立法、出臺相關制度,對外承擔國際責任,按照國際公約規(guī)則展開交往和交涉,并逐漸近代化的過程。具體而言： 第五章論述了中國對《和解公斷條約》的運用。通過分析中國對和解公斷條約的宣傳、推廣及期待、中外公斷條約的議訂以及中外之間涉及海牙公斷的案例,探討中國政府、外交人員及社會大眾對主權(quán)與和平的訴求。 第六章重點討論《推廣1864年日來弗原議行之于水戰(zhàn)條約》、《關于醫(yī)院船公約》、《紅十字公約》、《陸地戰(zhàn)例條約》及章程,以及海上捕獲、中立等方面國際公約或規(guī)條的運用問題。本章旨在從19世紀中后期中國對戰(zhàn)爭法規(guī)的了解與實踐、20世紀初公約在國內(nèi)的宣傳推廣及配套法規(guī)的出臺,以及日俄戰(zhàn)爭中清政府對戰(zhàn)爭法規(guī)公約的實踐等方面,揭示中國在戰(zhàn)爭法公約規(guī)范下,遵守國際人道與文明的規(guī)則、融入國際社會的誠意。 第七章集中探討了中國對《航海避碰章程》、《萬國郵政公約》以及《國際電報公約》等交通類國際公約的運用,從履行條約義務、調(diào)整國內(nèi)相關立法以及參加國際活動等方面,把握晚清交通事業(yè)與世界進一步接軌的進程。 結(jié)語部分概括了晚清中國參與國際公約的軌跡及其特點,討論了國際公約與不平等條約的關系,以及中國參與國際公約與融入國際社會之關系。最后,總結(jié)了這段歷史對當代中國參與國際公約,加強國際合作以及推進國內(nèi)各領域的現(xiàn)代化建設的啟示。
[Abstract]:International conventions are the multilateral law making treaties which are passed through or signed by multinational consultations or by international organizations to deal with and regulate the common affairs of the international community. The participation and application of a country to international conventions directly reflects the place, role and influence of the country in the world. In the late Qing Dynasty, China participated in the international community. Since the middle of the nineteenth Century, China has been dragged into the international community under the coercion of the strong force and signed the unequal treaties, which has undoubtedly opened up a article on the participation of the international conventions since the middle of the nineteenth Century. The study of China's participation in the international conventions in the late Qing Dynasty is not only a key to our understanding of the changes in the relationship between modern China and the international community, but also to further expand the study of the relations between China and foreign countries, and help us to examine the country's modernization in China from another perspective. In this period, the characteristics of China's accession to the International Convention and the summary of its experience and lessons can provide an important reference for China's participation in international activities today. This article is divided into three parts, introduction, text and conclusion, to discuss the relationship between China and international conventions in the late Qing Dynasty.
The introduction focuses on the connotation, participation, reservation and application of international conventions, introduces the significance of the topic, examines and analyzes the existing research situation, points out the innovation and shortcomings of this article, and explains the research methods and research ideas.
The text part is up, the next two chapters, a total of seven chapters.
The four chapter of the last chapter, mainly in accordance with the historical longitudinal clues, taking the Westernization Movement, the post-war of 1894 and the late Qing Dynasty as the time coordinate, traced the historical context of China's participation in international conventions, and grasped its evolution and characteristics. On this basis, it also focused on the internal and external environment and conditions of China, and explored the root of the changes in each stage. To reveal the views and opinions of the government and all aspects of the participation in the Convention, and to combine with international law, from the perspective of legal relations, the construction of the relationship between China and international conventions in this period is studied vertically and horizontally.
The first chapter explains the macro background of the participation of China in the international conventions in the late Qing Dynasty. It is pointed out that since the late nineteenth Century, the international conventions have been held frequently since the mid and late nineteenth Century, and the new trend of international conventions has provided a big dance platform for all countries to integrate into the international community and express themselves. At the same time, China is dealing with foreign relations. It also bears the responsibility of transforming from tradition to modern times, and has also experienced the transformation from the exclusion of adaptation to the international community, and then to the active entry. This is another important foundation and platform for China to participate in international conferences, to contact or to participate in international conventions.
The second chapter discusses the early contact between China and international conventions during the period of the Westernization Movement. It is considered that China's participation in international conferences in this period embodies the theme of "liaison diplomatic relations". And under the aggressive diplomatic tone of defense, China began to contact international conventions after 1880s and participated in the International Convention after 1880s. The Convention on publication of customs tariffs has formed the initial practice of participating in international conventions.
The third chapter examines the efforts of the international conventions after the Sino Japanese War, pointing out that China began to think about its position from a global point of view and gradually created a sense of integration into the international community. Under this influence, China not only accepted the Charter for maritime collision avoidance, but also participated in a large scale Convention and signed and signed the Convention. A series of international conventions of the peace keeping treaty opened up a new stage of participation in international conventions.
The fourth chapter examines the expansion of the relationship between China and international conventions during the late Qing Dynasty. It is believed that under the identity of the "civilized country", China has not only increased the number of international conventions in this period, but also covers the dispute over reconciliation, the laws and regulations of war, agriculture and other aspects. The mission of building equal treaty relations and seeking great power status.
The following three chapters, mainly from the three sides of the settlement of the arbitration, the law of war and the International Convention on traffic, examine the adoption of the relevant rules of the international conventions before the Convention, as well as the promotion and implementation of the treaty after the entry into force of the Convention. The system is responsible for international responsibility and carries out the process of interaction and negotiation in accordance with the rules of international conventions.
The fifth chapter discusses the application of China to the Treaty of the arbitration for reconciliation. Through the analysis of the publicity, promotion and expectation of the Treaty of the arbitration for reconciliation in China, the discussion of the arbitration treaties between China and foreign countries, and the cases involving the arbitration of Hague between China and foreign countries, the demands of the Chinese government, the diplomatic personnel and the public on the rights and the peace of the society are discussed.
The sixth chapter focuses on the discussion of the use of the Treaty of water war in 1864, the Treaty of water war, the Convention on hospital ships, the Red Cross convention, the Treaty of land war cases and the articles of association, and the application of international conventions or statutes in the areas of maritime capture and neutrality. This chapter aims at the understanding and practice of China's regulations on war in the late nineteenth Century and the early twentieth Century. The national publicity and promotion of the Convention and the introduction of relevant laws and regulations, as well as the practice of the Qing government in the war of war laws and regulations in the Japanese and Russian wars, have revealed China's compliance with the rules of International Humanitarianism and civilization under the norms of the law of war and the sincerity of the international community.
The seventh chapter focuses on the application of China's international conventions such as the Charter for collision avoidance, the Universal Postal Convention and the International Telegraph convention, and from the implementation of the treaty obligations, the adjustment of relevant domestic legislation and the participation in international activities, and the further progress of the late Qing transportation business with the world.
The concluding part summarizes the track and characteristics of China's participation in international conventions in the late Qing Dynasty, discusses the relationship between international conventions and unequal treaties, and the relationship between China's participation in international conventions and the integration of the international community. Finally, this section summarizes the history of contemporary China participating in international conventions, strengthening international cooperation and promoting the modernity of various fields in China. The Enlightenment of the chemical construction.
【學位授予單位】：湖南師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D99;D929

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