本文選題：公民權(quán)利和政治權(quán)利國際公約 + 經(jīng)濟(jì)　； 參考：《武漢大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：國際人權(quán)法的興起是20世紀(jì)國際法發(fā)展的主要標(biāo)志之一。1966年通過的《公民權(quán)利和治權(quán)利國際公約》和《經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化權(quán)利國際公約》(以下簡稱為兩公約)確認(rèn)了人權(quán)的基本特征,并成為無數(shù)國際人權(quán)條約的基礎(chǔ)。然而,再完善的公約如果得不到有效實(shí)施也只能是一紙空文。自兩公約生效的那一刻起,實(shí)施問題就成為了國際社會(huì)共同關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。多年來,國際團(tuán)體和人權(quán)組織一直在呼吁“把人權(quán)帶回家”。對(duì)于兩公約締約國而言,如何在堅(jiān)持國家主權(quán)與切實(shí)保障人權(quán)之間找到適當(dāng)?shù)钠胶馐撬鼈冏铌P(guān)心的問題。對(duì)兩公約實(shí)施機(jī)制的相關(guān)國際法律制度進(jìn)行全面、深入的研究無論是對(duì)于兩公約的發(fā)展前景,還是對(duì)于中國人權(quán)法律制度的改革和政策選擇都具有重要的意義。 本文分為導(dǎo)論,正文和結(jié)論三個(gè)部分,其中正文共有五章。 導(dǎo)論部分首先提出論文所要研究的問題,就與本研究相關(guān)的主要文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行述評(píng),并簡要介紹論文的研究思路、研究方法和結(jié)構(gòu)安排。 第一章對(duì)人權(quán)條約實(shí)施、人權(quán)條約監(jiān)督、人權(quán)條約遵守的基本概念進(jìn)行初步界定并闡述三者之間的關(guān)系。人權(quán)條約的實(shí)施是指通過具體措施落實(shí)和保證人權(quán)條約的義務(wù)得到履行的過程。人權(quán)條約的監(jiān)督是指人權(quán)條約機(jī)構(gòu)建立的用于監(jiān)測人權(quán)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在締約國國內(nèi)的遵守情況的所有程序。人權(quán)條約的遵守是指締約國的行為符合人權(quán)條約的相關(guān)規(guī)定。在整個(gè)人權(quán)條約體系中,人權(quán)的監(jiān)督和實(shí)施相輔相成,監(jiān)督是為了促進(jìn)人權(quán)條約更好的實(shí)施。人權(quán)條約的實(shí)施和遵守不同,實(shí)施的最終目的是實(shí)現(xiàn)遵守,但遵守不以實(shí)施為前提,不實(shí)施有時(shí)也可能出現(xiàn)遵守的效果。 第二章探討兩公約的實(shí)施要求。公民權(quán)利和政治權(quán)利與經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化權(quán)利相互依存,不可分割。對(duì)于兩公約的實(shí)施不能用截然分立的觀點(diǎn)來看待�！督�(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化權(quán)利國際公約任擇議定書》和國際實(shí)踐有力地證實(shí)了經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化權(quán)利與公民權(quán)利和政治權(quán)利一樣具有可裁決性。兩公約分別設(shè)置了專門的監(jiān)督機(jī)制來促進(jìn)公約的履行。盡管設(shè)立的背景和發(fā)展過程不同,隨著時(shí)間的推移,兩公約的監(jiān)督模式逐步走向趨同。但兩公約都存在大量的遲延提交報(bào)告、報(bào)告質(zhì)量差等問題,國家間指控從未啟動(dòng),個(gè)人來文程序的利用率不高。 第三章分析兩公約及其條約機(jī)構(gòu)的決定在締約國實(shí)施的情況。加入兩公約意味著締約國要從立法、司法、行政等多個(gè)層面落實(shí)兩公約的要求。在立法層面上,一元論和二元論的國家采取不同的方式使公約在國內(nèi)得以適用。在司法層面上,兩公約被許多締約國用來解釋相關(guān)的國內(nèi)法律規(guī)范,還有的國家將其作為司法判決的直接淵源。在行政措施方面,締約國通過采取各種人權(quán)計(jì)劃,設(shè)立國家人權(quán)機(jī)構(gòu)等方式保證兩公約的履行。兩公約人權(quán)機(jī)構(gòu)的決定是考察兩公約實(shí)施中不可或缺的組成部分。無論是一般性意見、結(jié)論性意見還是針對(duì)個(gè)人來文做出的意見,各締約國對(duì)其法律效力有不同的看法和實(shí)踐。但總體上,兩公約人權(quán)機(jī)構(gòu)的決定被認(rèn)為沒有法律拘束力,締約國沒有履行這些決定的義務(wù)。 第四章結(jié)合締約國的實(shí)踐考察兩公約的實(shí)施效果。判斷兩公約實(shí)施效果的工具是人權(quán)指標(biāo),兩公約的法律框架中均包含了人權(quán)指標(biāo)的內(nèi)容。但是,信息收集的準(zhǔn)確性和衡量領(lǐng)域的廣泛性直接影響人權(quán)指標(biāo)的合理性和衡量結(jié)果。從直接效果的角度上看,兩公約對(duì)締約國影響的程度不一。積極參與兩公約體系的國家實(shí)施效果明顯,而很少涉足兩公約體系的國家顯示的實(shí)施效果很弱。但在間接效果方面,兩公約增強(qiáng)了人權(quán)意識(shí),促進(jìn)了人權(quán)的普遍性,宣示了人權(quán)保障標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的認(rèn)同。影響兩公約實(shí)施的因素很多,缺乏實(shí)施公約的政治意愿和國內(nèi)實(shí)施制度上的障礙以及兩公約人權(quán)機(jī)構(gòu)的制度性缺陷妨礙了兩公約的有效實(shí)施。應(yīng)當(dāng)鼓勵(lì)締約國積極參與兩公約體系,充分發(fā)揮非政府組織以及其他非國家實(shí)體在人權(quán)動(dòng)員方面的作用。兩公約人權(quán)機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)恪守職權(quán)并采取適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧┨岣吖ぷ餍省?第五章探討《經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化權(quán)利國際公約》在中國的實(shí)施概況。作為《經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化權(quán)利國際公約》的締約國,中國已經(jīng)采取了積極的措施履行該公約下的義務(wù)。然而,事實(shí)證明中國在經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化權(quán)利的保障方面和該公約的要求仍然存在一定的差距。中國應(yīng)完善經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化權(quán)利的相關(guān)立法,通過調(diào)解和司法救濟(jì)相結(jié)合的方式促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化權(quán)利的司法救濟(jì),在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候建立獨(dú)立的國家人權(quán)機(jī)構(gòu)促進(jìn)該公約在中國的實(shí)施。 結(jié)論部分對(duì)全文的主要內(nèi)容簡要作出總結(jié),闡明全文的主要觀點(diǎn),根據(jù)新近召開的第十八屆四中全會(huì),分析中國人權(quán)尤其是公民權(quán)利和政治權(quán)利的保護(hù)趨勢,并提出尚未解決的問題。
[Abstract]:The rise of international human rights law is one of the main symbols of the development of international law in twentieth Century. The International Covenant on Civil and governance rights and the International Covenant on economic, social and cultural rights (hereinafter referred to as the two Convention), one of the main symbols of the development of international law in twentieth Century, confirmed the basic characteristics of human rights and became the basis of numerous international treaties on human rights. However, the re perfected conventions, such as the two The implementation of the two convention has become the focus of the international community. For many years, international organizations and human rights organizations have been calling for "bringing human rights home". For the two parties to the Convention, how to adhere to the sovereignty of the state and ensure the effective protection of human rights To find a proper balance between them is their most concern. A comprehensive and in-depth study of the relevant international legal systems of the implementation mechanism of the two conventions is of great significance to the prospects for the development of the two conventions, or to the reform and policy selection of the Chinese legal system for human rights.
This article is divided into three parts: introduction, main body and conclusion. There are five chapters in the body.
The introductory part first puts forward the problems to be studied in the paper, reviews the main literature related to the research, and briefly introduces the research ideas, research methods and structural arrangements of the paper.
The first chapter defines the basic concepts of the implementation of human rights treaties, human rights treaties, and the basic concepts of human rights treaties. The implementation of the human rights treaties refers to the implementation and guarantee of the implementation of the obligations of the human rights treaties through specific measures. The supervision of human rights treaties refers to the establishment of the human rights treaty bodies for the use of the three. The observance of human rights standards in the state of the State Party in all procedures. The compliance of the human rights treaties refers to the compliance of the States parties with the relevant provisions of the human rights treaty. In the whole human rights treaty system, the supervision and implementation of human rights complement each other, and the supervision is to promote the better implementation of the human rights treaties. The implementation and compliance of human rights treaties are different, The ultimate goal of implementation is compliance, but compliance is not based on implementation, nor does it sometimes result in compliance.
The second chapter discusses the requirements for the implementation of the two conventions. Civil and political rights are interdependent and inseparable from the economic, social and cultural rights. The implementation of the two conventions cannot be viewed with a completely separate view. The Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on economic, social and cultural rights and international practice strongly confirm the economic, social and cultural rights. Interest is as verjudicable as civil and political rights. The two conventions set up special supervisory mechanisms to promote the implementation of the Convention. Although the background and process of development are different, the two conventions are gradually moving towards convergence with the passage of time. But the two conventions have a large amount of delay in submitting reports and the quality of the reports. Problems such as differences have not been initiated between countries, and the utilization rate of personal communication procedures is not high.
The third chapter analyzes the implementation of the decisions of the two conventions and their treaty bodies in the States parties. The accession to the two conventions means that the States parties should implement the requirements of the two conventions from the legislative, judicial and administrative levels. At the legislative level, the monism and the dualism take different ways to make the Convention applicable at home. At the judicial level, The two convention is used by many states parties to explain the relevant domestic legal norms, and the other countries regard it as the direct source of judicial decisions. In administrative measures, the state party guarantees the implementation of the two conventions by adopting various human rights plans and setting up national human rights institutions. The decision of the two public human rights institutions is to examine the implementation of the two conventions. It is an indispensable component. Whether the general opinion, the concluding opinion or the opinion made on the individual communication, the States parties have different views and practices on their legal effects. However, in general, the decisions of the two covenant human rights bodies are considered to have no legal binding force and the State Party has not fulfilled the obligations of these decisions.
The fourth chapter examines the implementation effect of the two conventions in accordance with the practice of the States parties. The tools for judging the effectiveness of the two conventions are human rights indicators, and the content of human rights indicators is included in the legal framework of the two conventions. However, the accuracy of the information collection and the scope of the measurement directly affect the rationality and measurement of the human rights indicators. At the point of view, the two conventions have different degrees of impact on the States parties. The countries actively participating in the two convention system have a clear effect, while those rarely involved in the two convention system show a weak effect. But in the indirect effect, the two conventions enhance the awareness of human rights, promote the universality of human rights, and proclaim the standards of human rights protection. There are many factors affecting the implementation of the two conventions, the lack of political will to implement the Convention and the obstacles to the implementation of the system, as well as the institutional defects of the two Convention on human rights, which impede the effective implementation of the two conventions. The States parties should be encouraged to participate actively in the two convention system and to give full play to non-governmental organizations and other non state entities. The role of rights mobilization. Two the human rights institutions of the Convention should abide by their duties and take appropriate measures to improve their efficiency.
The fifth chapter discusses the implementation of the International Covenant on economic, social and cultural rights in China. As a state party to the International Convention on economic, social and cultural rights, China has taken active measures to fulfil its obligations under the Convention. However, it has proved that China's requirements for economic, social, cultural rights and the requirements of the Convention still remain. There is a certain gap. China should improve the relevant legislation of economic, social and cultural rights, promote the judicial relief of economic, social and cultural rights through the combination of mediation and judicial relief, and establish an independent national human rights institution to promote the implementation of the Convention in China at a proper time.
The conclusion briefly summarizes the main contents of the full text, clarifies the main views of the full text, and analyses the protection trend of Chinese human rights, especially the civil and political rights, and puts forward the unsolved problems, according to the newly held eighteenth session of the Fourth Plenary Session of the fourth plenary session.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：D998.2

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