本文選題：傳統(tǒng)知識 + 遺傳資源��； 參考：《中國政法大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：近年來,伴隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展,各種高科技產(chǎn)品不斷出現(xiàn),越來越多的大型跨國公司、個人申請專利,以期保護(hù)自身經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。被申請的專利對象包括傳統(tǒng)的藥品、疾病治療方法、傳統(tǒng)歌曲和舞蹈的片段,甚至瑜伽教學(xué)中的動作也被作為對象用來申請專利。 上述知識產(chǎn)權(quán)現(xiàn)象為我們揭示了一個事實(shí):發(fā)達(dá)國家擁有高科技和雄厚資金實(shí)力的同時缺乏足夠豐富的傳統(tǒng)知識和遺傳資源,而發(fā)展中國家占有豐富的自然資源、遺傳資源的同時缺乏資金支持和技術(shù)支持。這種現(xiàn)象導(dǎo)致發(fā)展中國家的許多傳統(tǒng)知識、遺傳資源被發(fā)達(dá)國家冠以“人類共同擁有的財產(chǎn)”名義被用來作為生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)代高科技醫(yī)藥產(chǎn)品及其他產(chǎn)品的原料。 發(fā)達(dá)國家在使用這種材料基礎(chǔ)上,為最大限度保護(hù)自身經(jīng)濟(jì)利益,采用各種手段,其中尤為突出的是使用專利制度保護(hù)自己研發(fā)的高科技醫(yī)藥產(chǎn)品及其他產(chǎn)品,享有獨(dú)占使用權(quán)利,利用現(xiàn)代知識產(chǎn)權(quán)制度這種“知識文明大棒”變相掠奪發(fā)展中國家豐富資源。這種“生物海盜”行為已逐漸引起發(fā)展中國家的注意,并在國際社會上已有不同程度的反響。 與現(xiàn)代知識相對,傳統(tǒng)知識指的是為土著居民和地方社區(qū)世代相傳,屬于本土居民自己的一種技能、生產(chǎn)方法,是傳統(tǒng)部族千百年來博大精深的歷史和文化體系的組成部分。1例如,世代相傳使用本土植物治療疾病�，F(xiàn)代化生活逐漸被各種現(xiàn)代高科技產(chǎn)品充斥,傳統(tǒng)知識在快速流失,其中一方面是因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)知識本身局限性,傳統(tǒng)知識僅被土著居民少數(shù)人掌握,但很大程度上更因?yàn)橥饨鐚鹘y(tǒng)知識的沖擊和生物海盜行為。針對傳統(tǒng)知識快速流失這一現(xiàn)象,人們也意識到該問題的嚴(yán)重性和迫切性,國際上要求保護(hù)傳統(tǒng)知識的呼聲越來越高。 截至目前,呼吁利用知識產(chǎn)權(quán)制度保護(hù)傳統(tǒng)知識的呼聲已被提上國際議程達(dá)十多年。2例如,自從1998年世界知識產(chǎn)權(quán)組織(WIPO)已為討論如何保護(hù)傳統(tǒng)知識這一議題專門成立了論壇。自2001年,知識產(chǎn)權(quán)和傳統(tǒng)知識、遺傳資源及民間文藝政府間委員會(簡稱IGC)已為起草法規(guī)保護(hù)傳統(tǒng)知識、反對濫用傳統(tǒng)知識舉行數(shù)次會議。 自1999年,世界貿(mào)易組織就開始針對傳統(tǒng)知識被用作商業(yè)用途這一現(xiàn)象尋求最有效的解決方法。盡管出現(xiàn)了眾多國際組織方面的努力,但收效甚微,傳統(tǒng)知識在尚未獲得地方社區(qū)和土著居民同意的情形下被開發(fā)的現(xiàn)象仍存在。如印度“姜黃案”3、中國吉林省“人參蜂王漿案”。4與此同時,一些發(fā)展中國家如巴西、印度、秘魯、哥斯達(dá)黎加等國也意識到傳統(tǒng)知識自身重要性及其應(yīng)受保護(hù)的迫切性,也紛紛開始行動起來,組織國內(nèi)立法。如哥斯達(dá)黎加通過了《哥斯達(dá)黎加共和國1998年生物多樣性法》、巴西于2001年通過了《巴西保護(hù)生物多樣性和遺傳資源暫行條例》、印度通過了《印度2002年生物多樣性法》。5這些國內(nèi)立法為以后我國立法提供了經(jīng)驗(yàn)借鑒。 本文以傳統(tǒng)知識應(yīng)受到知識產(chǎn)權(quán)制度保護(hù)為視角展開討論與寫作。前言部分從介紹傳統(tǒng)知識保護(hù)的必要性入手,簡單介紹印度和巴基斯坦兩國的國內(nèi)保護(hù)狀況,說明我國傳統(tǒng)知識保護(hù)的迫切性和重要性,第一章著重介紹傳統(tǒng)知識的特征、保護(hù)傳統(tǒng)知識的可行性;第二章闡述國際層面上尤其幾個重要的國際組織在保護(hù)傳統(tǒng)知識方面所做的努力,并對其建立的重要制度進(jìn)行評析;第三章從國家層面展開討論,針對美國、印度和巴基斯坦為保護(hù)傳統(tǒng)知識所進(jìn)行的立法活動進(jìn)行探討分析;第四章落腳點(diǎn)回歸到中國,分析目前我國對傳統(tǒng)知識的保護(hù)現(xiàn)狀,結(jié)合第二章與第三章的分析,針對我國保護(hù)傳統(tǒng)知識的不足提出可行性建議。
[Abstract]:In recent years , with the rapid development of economy , various high - tech products have continuously appeared , more and more large - scale transnational corporations and individuals apply for patents , with a view to protecting their own economic interests . The patent objects to be applied include traditional medicines , disease treatment methods , fragments of traditional songs and dance , even actions in yoga teaching are used as objects for patent applications .

The above - mentioned intellectual property phenomenon reveals a fact that developed countries lack enough traditional knowledge and genetic resources at the same time , while developing countries possess abundant natural resources and genetic resources , and lack financial support and technical support . This phenomenon leads to many traditional knowledge in developing countries , and genetic resources are used as raw materials for the production of modern high - tech pharmaceutical products and other products in the name of " human co - owned property " .

On the basis of the use of this material , developed countries have adopted various means to protect their own economic interests to the greatest extent , especially the use of the patent system to protect themselves and develop high - tech pharmaceutical products and other products , enjoy exclusive rights of use , and exploit the rich resources of developing countries by using the modern intellectual property system .

Compared with modern knowledge , traditional knowledge refers to a kind of skill and production method for indigenous people and local communities . It is an integral part of the history and culture system of traditional tribal peoples .

Up to now , calls for the use of intellectual property regimes to protect traditional knowledge have been referred to the international agenda for more than a decade . For example , since 1998 the World Intellectual Property Organization ( WIPO ) has set up a forum for discussion on how to protect traditional knowledge . Since 2001 , the Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge , Genetic Resources and Folk Arts has held several meetings to draft legislation to protect traditional knowledge and to oppose the abuse of traditional knowledge .

At the same time , some developing countries , such as Brazil , India , Peru , Costa Rica and the like , are aware of the importance of traditional knowledge and the urgency of their protection . In the meantime , some developing countries , such as Brazil , India , Peru and Costa Rica , have also begun to act to organize domestic legislation .

This paper begins with the introduction of the necessity of the traditional knowledge protection , introduces the domestic protection situation of the two countries of India and Pakistan , discusses the necessity and importance of the traditional knowledge protection in China , analyzes the important system of the traditional knowledge protection in China , analyzes the current situation of the protection of traditional knowledge in the international level , analyses the present situation of the protection of traditional knowledge in China , analyses the current situation of the protection of traditional knowledge , and puts forward some feasible suggestions to protect the shortage of traditional knowledge in our country .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D923.4;D997.1

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