本文選題：WTO公共道德例外 + 公共道德的界定�。� 參考：《中國(guó)政法大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：WTO框架內(nèi)有多個(gè)協(xié)議均將公共道德例外條款作為一般例外予以規(guī)定,然而公共道德例外條款的內(nèi)涵和外延卻在幾十年內(nèi)處于模糊狀態(tài)�！懊绹�(guó)——影響跨境提供賭博和博彩服務(wù)措施案”(后文簡(jiǎn)稱“美國(guó)賭博案”)為該條款的發(fā)展做出了突出的貢獻(xiàn),專家組和上訴機(jī)構(gòu)分別對(duì)公共道德例外條款進(jìn)行了闡釋,這是WTO體制內(nèi)第一次通過爭(zhēng)端解決對(duì)“公共道德”和“公共秩序”這一敏感問題進(jìn)行闡釋,該案也被譽(yù)為“公共道德例外條款的新發(fā)展”。而在最近的“中國(guó)——影響出版物和娛樂用音像制品貿(mào)易權(quán)和分銷服務(wù)措施案”(后文簡(jiǎn)稱中美出版物案)中,中國(guó)也援引了公共道德例外條款予以抗辯,還進(jìn)而引發(fā)了GATT中的例外條款可否延伸適用于入世議定書等問題。WTO旨在通過消除各種貿(mào)易障礙來促進(jìn)國(guó)際貿(mào)易,但如果一項(xiàng)交易會(huì)對(duì)一國(guó)公共道德造成威脅,若不對(duì)該交易采取相關(guān)措施予以必要限制,則必將對(duì)該國(guó)利益造成損害并妨害其所追求的公共目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)。因此,如何對(duì)援用該例外條款進(jìn)行科學(xué)、合理的限制,來尋求全球貿(mào)易自由化與保護(hù)各成員國(guó)文化多樣性之間的平衡就顯得尤為重要。對(duì)于公共道德例外條款進(jìn)行研究并對(duì)其援用要求進(jìn)行釋明,對(duì)WTO體制內(nèi)自由貿(mào)易追求與公共道德保護(hù)之關(guān)系等問題的走向以及中國(guó)在今后爭(zhēng)端中的應(yīng)對(duì)具有重要意義。 本文主要分為四個(gè)部分:第一部分首先介紹了一般意義上的公共道德及其作用,正是由于其具有為道德人格的養(yǎng)成提供理性依據(jù)、為道德行為提供價(jià)值判斷、為道德遵守提供約束等重要作用,因此國(guó)內(nèi)法與WTO協(xié)定均將其納入并予以保護(hù);第二部分主要介紹WTO保護(hù)公共道德例外的法律框架,首先明確了WTO對(duì)公共道德這一概念采取“國(guó)別主義”進(jìn)行界定,接著具體列明了WTO框架內(nèi)GATT、GATS等四個(gè)協(xié)議對(duì)公共道德例外的具體要求;第三部分,也是本文的主體部分,主要通過對(duì)美國(guó)賭博案及中國(guó)出版物案專家組及上訴機(jī)構(gòu)報(bào)告的分析,來具體探析WTO框架內(nèi)公共道德例外條款的適用原則、順序要求以及必要限制;第四部分則在對(duì)上述內(nèi)容進(jìn)行分析的基礎(chǔ)上,總結(jié)出了中國(guó)在今后的爭(zhēng)端解決過程中援用該例外條款的具體策略。
[Abstract]:There are many agreements within the framework of WTO which provide for public moral exception clauses as general exceptions. However, the connotation and extension of public moral exception clauses are in a vague state for several decades. The United States-measures affecting Cross-border provision of Gambling and betting Services (hereinafter referred to as the American Gambling case) has made a significant contribution to the development of this provision, and the Panel of experts and the Appellate body have separately interpreted the public ethics exception clause. This is the first time in the WTO system to explain the sensitive issues of "public morality" and "public order" through dispute settlement, which is also regarded as "the new development of the exception clause of public morality". In the recent case of "China-measures affecting the right to Trade in Publications and Entertainment Audio-visual products and Distribution Services" (hereinafter referred to as the Sino-US publication case), China also invoked the public morality exception clause as a defence. It also raises the question of whether the exception clauses in the GATT can be extended to the WTO Protocol. The purpose of the WTO is to promote international trade by removing various trade obstacles, but if a transaction poses a threat to the public morals of a country, Without the necessary restrictions on the transaction, the interests of the country will be harmed and the realization of the public objectives pursued will be hindered. Therefore, it is very important to find the balance between the global trade liberalization and the protection of the cultural diversity of the member countries. It is of great significance to study the exception clause of public morality and explain its application requirement, to the trend of the relationship between the pursuit of free trade and the protection of public morality within the WTO system, and to deal with China's disputes in the future. This paper is mainly divided into four parts: the first part introduces the general sense of public morality and its role, precisely because it provides rational basis for the cultivation of moral personality and provides value judgment for moral behavior. The second part mainly introduces the legal framework of WTO to protect the public morality exception. Firstly, this paper defines the concept of public morality by "nationalism", and then specifies the specific requirements of the four agreements in the framework of WTO for the exception of public morality. The third part is also the main part of this paper. Mainly through the analysis of the report of the panel of experts and the appellate body of the American gambling case and the Chinese publication case, this paper concretely analyzes the applicable principle, order requirement and necessary restriction of the exception clause of public morality in the framework of WTO. In the fourth part, on the basis of the analysis of the above contents, the author summarizes the specific strategies for China to use the exception clause in the future dispute settlement process.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：D996.1

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