本文選題：國際環(huán)境法 + 氣候變化　； 參考：《中國政法大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：氣候變化在影響著全人類的生存和發(fā)展,由于小島嶼國家生態(tài)系統(tǒng)脆弱、基礎設施薄弱、經(jīng)濟穩(wěn)定性差等原因,導致在氣候變化影響下,小島嶼國家受到的損失和損害尤其嚴重。本文首先論證氣候變化所致小島嶼國家損失和損害的存在、分析其產(chǎn)生的原因,進而總結(jié)出氣候變化所致小島嶼國家損失和損害的特征:損失和損害主體的廣泛性;損失和損害的嚴重性;行為國和受害國的重合性。由于行為國和受害國的重合性與跨界損害中行為國和受害國的可區(qū)分性存在根本的不同,本文得出氣候變化所致小島嶼國家損失和損害不同于跨界損害,厘清目前學界存在的謬誤。然后,本文又從三個方面論證了氣候變化所致小島嶼國家損失和損害的定義和氣候變化所致小島嶼國家損失和損害責任的法律屬性。第一,本文分析了“帕勞提案”的可行因素,提出預防氣候變化所致小島嶼國家損失和損害的根本措施是減排,本文通過對“國際合作倡議”和“國家自主貢獻”的分析,總結(jié)各國際法主體在減排行動中的貢獻和存在的問題,為以后減排政策的制定和實施提供了正確的方向。又指出“帕勞提案”的誤區(qū),帕勞等太平洋小島嶼國家提出的賠償要求面臨困難,一時難以實現(xiàn),無法達到這些國家的要求。結(jié)合可行因素和誤區(qū)對“帕勞提案”的主張給予客觀的評價。第二,本文對“華沙機制”的內(nèi)容、意義、實質(zhì)和不足進行研究。分析《兵庫行動框架》、《兵庫宣言》、《仙臺減災框架》指導下處理氣候變化對小島嶼國家影響的國際實踐,提出建立防災減災體系以實現(xiàn)對遭受損失和損害的小島嶼國家的救濟,同時彌補“華沙機制”的不足。特別強調(diào)了“華沙機制”的實質(zhì)是國際合作,不是補償機制或者賠償機制。第三,結(jié)合前述論證并根據(jù)相關(guān)法律原則即“根據(jù)自然法,任何人通過使他人遭受損失或損害而致富都是不公正的(Jure naturae aequum est neminem cum alterius detrimento et injuria fierilocupletiorem)”和“衡平法不允許沒有補償?shù)挠泻π袨?Equity will not suffer a wrong to be without a remedy)”和國內(nèi)判例即1907年美國聯(lián)邦最高法院審理的佐治亞訴田納西銅業(yè)有限公司案(Georgiav.Tennessee Copper Company)、2006年美國北卡羅來納州訴田納西流域管理局案(Carolina v.Tennessee Valley Authority)和2011年美國康涅狄格州訴美國電力公司案(The Connecticut v American Electric Power Co),三個國內(nèi)判決為例得出氣候變化所致小島嶼國家損失和損害責任是補償責任而非賠償責任,且根據(jù)實現(xiàn)方式的特殊性,得出補償責任的實現(xiàn)形式是限制排放和資金支持。最后,本文認為,氣候變化所致小島嶼國家損失和損害可以界定為,由氣候變化引起的在生命、健康、財產(chǎn)、環(huán)境等方面出現(xiàn)的嚴重威脅小島嶼國家可持續(xù)發(fā)展和生存的實際的和潛在的不利后果。
[Abstract]:Climate change is affecting the survival and development of all humankind, resulting from, inter alia, fragile ecosystems, weak infrastructure and poor economic stability in small island States, The loss and damage suffered by small island States is particularly severe. This paper first demonstrates the existence of loss and damage in small island countries caused by climate change, analyzes the causes, and then summarizes the characteristics of loss and damage in small island countries caused by climate change: the universality of the main body of loss and damage; Gravity of loss and injury; coincidence between the author State and the injured State. As there is a fundamental difference between the coincidence of the author State and the injured State and the distinction between the State of conduct and the injured State in transboundary harm, it is concluded that the loss and damage caused by climate change in small island States is different from transboundary harm. To clarify the existing fallacies in academic circles. Then, this paper demonstrates the definition of loss and damage caused by climate change and the legal attribute of loss and damage liability of small island States caused by climate change from three aspects. First, this paper analyses the possible elements of the Palau proposal and suggests that the fundamental measure to prevent loss and damage caused by climate change in small island States is emission reduction, through an analysis of the International Cooperation Initiative and the "nationally owned contribution". This paper summarizes the contributions and problems of various subjects of international law in the action of emission reduction, and provides a correct direction for the formulation and implementation of emission reduction policies in the future. It also points out the misunderstanding of the Palau proposal and the difficulties faced by the Pacific small island States such as Palau in meeting the demands of these countries for the time being. Combining feasible factors and misunderstandings, this paper gives an objective evaluation of Palau proposal. Second, this paper studies the content, significance, essence and deficiency of Warsaw Mechanism. Analysing the international practice of addressing the impact of climate change on small island States under the guidance of the Hyogo Framework for Action, the Hyogo Declaration and the Sendai Framework for disaster reduction, and proposing the establishment of disaster prevention and mitigation systems to achieve relief to small island States that have suffered loss and damage, At the same time, to make up for the "Warsaw mechanism" deficiencies. The essence of Warsaw mechanism is international cooperation, not compensation mechanism or compensation mechanism. Third, in the light of the foregoing argument and in accordance with the relevant legal principles, namely, "according to natural law, It is unjust for anyone to get rich by causing loss or damage to others. It is unjust to do so "and equity does not permit harmful acts without compensation" and domestic jurisprudence. Georgia v. Tennessee Copper Company, United States Supreme Court, 1907, North Carolina v. Tennessee Watershed Authority, 2006, Connecticut v. United States Power Company, 2011 The Connecticut v American Electric Power case, where three domestic judgements show that the responsibility for loss and damage in small island States caused by climate change is a liability for compensation rather than liability. According to the particularity of the realization mode, it is concluded that the forms of compensation liability are emission limitation and financial support. Finally, this paper argues that the loss and damage caused by climate change in small island States can be defined as the effects of climate change on life, health, property, Actual and potential adverse consequences of environmental and other serious threats to the sustainable development and survival of small island States.
【學位授予單位】：中國政法大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D996.9

【參考文獻】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 ;Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030[J];International Journal of Disaster Risk Science;2015年02期

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本文編號：1875814