本文選題：跨國人口販運 + 國際法律制度　； 參考：《武漢大學》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：本文從跨國人口販運的概念、性質和發(fā)展趨勢等基本問題入手，通過對打擊跨國人口販運的多邊、區(qū)域、雙邊和單邊法律制度進行分析，闡明它們的作用和特點，揭示存在的問題，進而剖析整個國際法律制度的成就和缺陷，并對如何完善和發(fā)展提出建議。 本文由引言和正文兩大部分構成。正文共分為六章。 第一章是人口販運概述。從人口販運入手，比較分析跨國人口販運的概念、性質和其他相關問題，闡釋跨國人口販運的歷史和嚴峻的現(xiàn)狀。通過分析，歸納出跨國人口販運在全球化背景下的發(fā)展趨勢和特點，繼而說明導致該犯罪產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展的原因和條件。本章最后說明了該犯罪的危害性，證明對其進行全面國際法律控制實屬必要，從而為后文的論證打下基礎。 第二章是打擊跨國人口販運的多邊法律制度。主要論述聯(lián)合國打擊跨國人口販運的條約和各機構采取的行動，以及其他重要國際組織打擊跨國人口販運的行動，本章分析了聯(lián)合國主導的多邊法律制度取得的成果，進而指出這一多邊法律制度存在國際法規(guī)范失衡、執(zhí)行機制強制力不足、聯(lián)合國相關機構行動不確定因素過多，國際組織實踐也存在矛盾和片面性等問題，表明深入研究跨國人口販運，彌合各國的差異，共同應對該犯罪的重要性。 第三章是打擊跨國人口販運的區(qū)域法律制度——以歐洲為例。通過分析歐洲聯(lián)盟以刑事司法合作為目標構建的區(qū)域立法和司法機制，以及歐洲委員會以保護受害者為核心思想的人權條約體系和強力執(zhí)行機制，闡明兩個區(qū)域組織在打擊跨國人口販運方面的各自的功能與優(yōu)勢。與此同時，說明歐洲聯(lián)盟的制度過于傾向維護聯(lián)盟安全而非受害者保護與復原，造成歐洲聯(lián)盟無法全面處理人口販運現(xiàn)象之后的深層原因；而歐洲委員會的法律制度雖然為受害者提供了最詳細、最廣泛的保護規(guī)定，但卻受制與締約方的模糊態(tài)度，前景不明。本章認為，整體而言，歐洲的區(qū)域法律制度雖然規(guī)定最為成熟具體，但各方面的矛盾也非常突出：為獲得更多締約國而設的斷開條款會損害條約的潛在效力，區(qū)域規(guī)定也凸顯歐洲對人口販運的本質理解偏差，法律規(guī)范也存在內(nèi)部沖突，成員國的消極態(tài)度亦會削弱法律制度的作用。最后，建議這兩大機構應加強合作，協(xié)力構建打擊跨國人口販運的區(qū)域聯(lián)合機制。 第四章是打擊跨國人口販運的雙邊法律機制——選擇性實例分析。考慮到各國在跨國人口販運中的不同地位，本章選擇了美國與加拿大、美國與墨西哥、意大利與阿爾巴尼亞、意大利和波蘭的雙邊合作為實例，分別代表目的地國之間、目的地國與來源地國之間、區(qū)域機制下目的地國與來源地國之間的雙邊合作。實證分析表明，現(xiàn)階段各國的雙邊合作雖已取得一定成果，但整體仍處于起步階段，合作程度層次不齊，效果不夠理想。鞏固合作基礎，加深合作層次，擴大合作范圍和方式并促進聯(lián)合執(zhí)法行動的開展是改善現(xiàn)狀的可行之道。 第五章是中國打擊跨國人口販運的法律制度。從中國對打擊跨國人口販運的需要出發(fā)，論述分析中國的單邊法律應對機制。指出中國現(xiàn)行的立法過于分散且與條約義務嚴重不符，存在諸多漏洞而且尚未形成體系；中國的執(zhí)法缺乏穩(wěn)定的長效機制，而且執(zhí)法目的存在偏差，重擋不重治，對于打擊跨國人口販運背后的有組織犯罪集團無法產(chǎn)生實質影響，實際上會使執(zhí)法機構和受害者陷入惡性循環(huán)。因此，必須對中國的立法和執(zhí)法作出改進，通過制定專門立法、修改現(xiàn)有國內(nèi)法規(guī)范、消除產(chǎn)生該犯罪的誘因，以及建立長效執(zhí)法機制、以消除有組織犯罪集團為執(zhí)法目標。 第六章是結論，指出打擊跨國人口販運的國際法律制度面臨的問題并作出建議。以前文對多邊、區(qū)域、雙邊和單邊法律制度的分析為基礎，本章指出整個國際法律制度的構建基礎并不穩(wěn)固，規(guī)定和執(zhí)行又存在失衡和功利化的弊病，執(zhí)行機制則效力不足，在實踐中尚未產(chǎn)生明顯效果。而且，整個國際法律制度都體現(xiàn)出一種深層次的矛盾——即打擊犯罪的全球治理的需要與國際法的不成體系的現(xiàn)實間的矛盾。本章繼而認為，對國際法律制度的完善首先需要修改國際立法以確立統(tǒng)一標準，其次要加強實施機制，當然還要促進廣范圍、深層次的國際合作，并在條件允許的情況下，，尋求國際司法的途徑，最后建議加強對該問題的研究，指出彌合各國各地區(qū)在打擊跨國人口販運方面的差異，對各方面進行全面考慮的情況下才有可能實現(xiàn)對該犯罪的控制。
[Abstract]:Starting with the concept , nature and development trend of transnational human trafficking , this paper analyzes the multilateral , regional , bilateral and unilateral legal systems against transnational human trafficking , expounds their roles and characteristics , reveals the existing problems , analyzes the achievements and defects of the whole international legal system , and puts forward suggestions on how to perfect and develop .

This paper consists of two parts : Introduction and Body . The text is divided into six chapters .

The first chapter is the summary of human trafficking . From the point of view of human trafficking , the concept , nature and other related problems of transnational human trafficking are analyzed , the history and the characteristics of transnational human trafficking are explained , and the causes and conditions of transnational human trafficking in the context of globalization are summarized . This chapter explains the harmfulness of the crime and proves that it is necessary to conduct comprehensive international legal control , thus laying the foundation for the demonstration of the latter .

Chapter II is the multilateral legal system to combat transnational human trafficking . It mainly deals with the actions taken by the United Nations treaties and agencies to combat transnational human trafficking , as well as the actions taken by other important international organizations to combat transnational human trafficking . This chapter analyses the achievements of the United Nations - led multilateral legal system , and points out that the multilateral legal system has some problems such as the imbalance of norms of international law , the inadequate coercive force of the implementation mechanism , the contradiction between the practice of international organizations and the one - sidedness , etc .

Chapter III is the regional legal system for combating transnational trafficking in human beings . The regional legislative and judicial mechanisms established by the European Union in cooperation with criminal justice , as well as the human rights treaty system and the powerful implementation mechanism of the Council of Europe on the protection of victims as the core ideology , illustrate the respective functions and advantages of the two regional organizations in the fight against transnational trafficking in persons . At the same time , the European Union ' s system is too inclined to preserve the security of the Union rather than the protection and rehabilitation of victims , resulting in the inability of the European Union to fully address the underlying causes of the phenomenon of human trafficking ;
While the European Commission ' s legal system provides the most detailed and broad protection provisions for victims , it is subject to the vague attitude and uncertainty of the parties . This chapter is of the view that , as a whole , the regional legal system in Europe , while providing the most mature and concrete terms , also highlights the potential effectiveness of the treaty in order to obtain more States Parties . The regional provisions also highlight the role of Europe in the nature of human trafficking . Finally , it is recommended that the two institutions strengthen cooperation and work together to build regional joint mechanisms to combat transnational trafficking .

The fourth chapter is the bilateral legal mechanism _ selective case analysis to combat transnational human trafficking . In view of the different status of countries in cross - border human trafficking , this chapter selects bilateral cooperation between the United States and Canada , the United States and Mexico , Italy and Albania , Italy and Poland .

The fifth chapter is the legal system of China ' s fight against transnational human trafficking . From the point of view of China ' s need to combat transnational human trafficking , this paper discusses the analysis of China ' s unilateral legal response mechanism . It points out that China ' s current legislation is too fragmented and seriously incompatible with the treaty obligations , there are many loopholes and have not yet formed the system ;
There is a lack of stable long - term mechanisms for law enforcement in China , and there is a bias in law enforcement purposes , which will not substantially affect the organized criminal groups behind the fight against transnational trafficking , which in practice can lead to a vicious circle of law enforcement agencies and victims . As a result , legislation and law enforcement in China must be improved through the development of specific legislation , the revision of existing domestic law norms , the elimination of incentives for the crime , and the establishment of long - term law enforcement mechanisms to eliminate organized criminal groups for law enforcement purposes .

Chapter 6 is a conclusion , pointing out the problems faced by the international legal system against transnational human trafficking and making recommendations . This chapter points out that the construction of the international legal system is based on the analysis of multilateral , regional , bilateral and unilateral legal systems .

【學位授予單位】：武漢大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D997.9

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