本文選題：跨國(guó)人口販運(yùn) + 國(guó)際法律制度　； 參考：《武漢大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：本文從跨國(guó)人口販運(yùn)的概念、性質(zhì)和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)等基本問(wèn)題入手，通過(guò)對(duì)打擊跨國(guó)人口販運(yùn)的多邊、區(qū)域、雙邊和單邊法律制度進(jìn)行分析，闡明它們的作用和特點(diǎn)，揭示存在的問(wèn)題，進(jìn)而剖析整個(gè)國(guó)際法律制度的成就和缺陷，并對(duì)如何完善和發(fā)展提出建議。 本文由引言和正文兩大部分構(gòu)成。正文共分為六章。 第一章是人口販運(yùn)概述。從人口販運(yùn)入手，比較分析跨國(guó)人口販運(yùn)的概念、性質(zhì)和其他相關(guān)問(wèn)題，闡釋跨國(guó)人口販運(yùn)的歷史和嚴(yán)峻的現(xiàn)狀。通過(guò)分析，歸納出跨國(guó)人口販運(yùn)在全球化背景下的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)和特點(diǎn)，繼而說(shuō)明導(dǎo)致該犯罪產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展的原因和條件。本章最后說(shuō)明了該犯罪的危害性，證明對(duì)其進(jìn)行全面國(guó)際法律控制實(shí)屬必要，從而為后文的論證打下基礎(chǔ)。 第二章是打擊跨國(guó)人口販運(yùn)的多邊法律制度。主要論述聯(lián)合國(guó)打擊跨國(guó)人口販運(yùn)的條約和各機(jī)構(gòu)采取的行動(dòng)，以及其他重要國(guó)際組織打擊跨國(guó)人口販運(yùn)的行動(dòng)，本章分析了聯(lián)合國(guó)主導(dǎo)的多邊法律制度取得的成果，進(jìn)而指出這一多邊法律制度存在國(guó)際法規(guī)范失衡、執(zhí)行機(jī)制強(qiáng)制力不足、聯(lián)合國(guó)相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)行動(dòng)不確定因素過(guò)多，國(guó)際組織實(shí)踐也存在矛盾和片面性等問(wèn)題，表明深入研究跨國(guó)人口販運(yùn)，彌合各國(guó)的差異，共同應(yīng)對(duì)該犯罪的重要性。 第三章是打擊跨國(guó)人口販運(yùn)的區(qū)域法律制度——以歐洲為例。通過(guò)分析歐洲聯(lián)盟以刑事司法合作為目標(biāo)構(gòu)建的區(qū)域立法和司法機(jī)制，以及歐洲委員會(huì)以保護(hù)受害者為核心思想的人權(quán)條約體系和強(qiáng)力執(zhí)行機(jī)制，闡明兩個(gè)區(qū)域組織在打擊跨國(guó)人口販運(yùn)方面的各自的功能與優(yōu)勢(shì)。與此同時(shí)，說(shuō)明歐洲聯(lián)盟的制度過(guò)于傾向維護(hù)聯(lián)盟安全而非受害者保護(hù)與復(fù)原，造成歐洲聯(lián)盟無(wú)法全面處理人口販運(yùn)現(xiàn)象之后的深層原因；而歐洲委員會(huì)的法律制度雖然為受害者提供了最詳細(xì)、最廣泛的保護(hù)規(guī)定，但卻受制與締約方的模糊態(tài)度，前景不明。本章認(rèn)為，整體而言，歐洲的區(qū)域法律制度雖然規(guī)定最為成熟具體，但各方面的矛盾也非常突出：為獲得更多締約國(guó)而設(shè)的斷開(kāi)條款會(huì)損害條約的潛在效力，區(qū)域規(guī)定也凸顯歐洲對(duì)人口販運(yùn)的本質(zhì)理解偏差，法律規(guī)范也存在內(nèi)部沖突，成員國(guó)的消極態(tài)度亦會(huì)削弱法律制度的作用。最后，建議這兩大機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)加強(qiáng)合作，協(xié)力構(gòu)建打擊跨國(guó)人口販運(yùn)的區(qū)域聯(lián)合機(jī)制。 第四章是打擊跨國(guó)人口販運(yùn)的雙邊法律機(jī)制——選擇性實(shí)例分析。考慮到各國(guó)在跨國(guó)人口販運(yùn)中的不同地位，本章選擇了美國(guó)與加拿大、美國(guó)與墨西哥、意大利與阿爾巴尼亞、意大利和波蘭的雙邊合作為實(shí)例，分別代表目的地國(guó)之間、目的地國(guó)與來(lái)源地國(guó)之間、區(qū)域機(jī)制下目的地國(guó)與來(lái)源地國(guó)之間的雙邊合作。實(shí)證分析表明，現(xiàn)階段各國(guó)的雙邊合作雖已取得一定成果，但整體仍處于起步階段，合作程度層次不齊，效果不夠理想。鞏固合作基礎(chǔ)，加深合作層次，擴(kuò)大合作范圍和方式并促進(jìn)聯(lián)合執(zhí)法行動(dòng)的開(kāi)展是改善現(xiàn)狀的可行之道。 第五章是中國(guó)打擊跨國(guó)人口販運(yùn)的法律制度。從中國(guó)對(duì)打擊跨國(guó)人口販運(yùn)的需要出發(fā)，論述分析中國(guó)的單邊法律應(yīng)對(duì)機(jī)制。指出中國(guó)現(xiàn)行的立法過(guò)于分散且與條約義務(wù)嚴(yán)重不符，存在諸多漏洞而且尚未形成體系；中國(guó)的執(zhí)法缺乏穩(wěn)定的長(zhǎng)效機(jī)制，而且執(zhí)法目的存在偏差，重?fù)醪恢刂�，�?duì)于打擊跨國(guó)人口販運(yùn)背后的有組織犯罪集團(tuán)無(wú)法產(chǎn)生實(shí)質(zhì)影響，實(shí)際上會(huì)使執(zhí)法機(jī)構(gòu)和受害者陷入惡性循環(huán)。因此，必須對(duì)中國(guó)的立法和執(zhí)法作出改進(jìn)，通過(guò)制定專(zhuān)門(mén)立法、修改現(xiàn)有國(guó)內(nèi)法規(guī)范、消除產(chǎn)生該犯罪的誘因，以及建立長(zhǎng)效執(zhí)法機(jī)制、以消除有組織犯罪集團(tuán)為執(zhí)法目標(biāo)。 第六章是結(jié)論，指出打擊跨國(guó)人口販運(yùn)的國(guó)際法律制度面臨的問(wèn)題并作出建議。以前文對(duì)多邊、區(qū)域、雙邊和單邊法律制度的分析為基礎(chǔ)，本章指出整個(gè)國(guó)際法律制度的構(gòu)建基礎(chǔ)并不穩(wěn)固，規(guī)定和執(zhí)行又存在失衡和功利化的弊病，執(zhí)行機(jī)制則效力不足，在實(shí)踐中尚未產(chǎn)生明顯效果。而且，整個(gè)國(guó)際法律制度都體現(xiàn)出一種深層次的矛盾——即打擊犯罪的全球治理的需要與國(guó)際法的不成體系的現(xiàn)實(shí)間的矛盾。本章繼而認(rèn)為，對(duì)國(guó)際法律制度的完善首先需要修改國(guó)際立法以確立統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，其次要加強(qiáng)實(shí)施機(jī)制，當(dāng)然還要促進(jìn)廣范圍、深層次的國(guó)際合作，并在條件允許的情況下，，尋求國(guó)際司法的途徑，最后建議加強(qiáng)對(duì)該問(wèn)題的研究，指出彌合各國(guó)各地區(qū)在打擊跨國(guó)人口販運(yùn)方面的差異，對(duì)各方面進(jìn)行全面考慮的情況下才有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)該犯罪的控制。
[Abstract]:Starting with the concept , nature and development trend of transnational human trafficking , this paper analyzes the multilateral , regional , bilateral and unilateral legal systems against transnational human trafficking , expounds their roles and characteristics , reveals the existing problems , analyzes the achievements and defects of the whole international legal system , and puts forward suggestions on how to perfect and develop .

This paper consists of two parts : Introduction and Body . The text is divided into six chapters .

The first chapter is the summary of human trafficking . From the point of view of human trafficking , the concept , nature and other related problems of transnational human trafficking are analyzed , the history and the characteristics of transnational human trafficking are explained , and the causes and conditions of transnational human trafficking in the context of globalization are summarized . This chapter explains the harmfulness of the crime and proves that it is necessary to conduct comprehensive international legal control , thus laying the foundation for the demonstration of the latter .

Chapter II is the multilateral legal system to combat transnational human trafficking . It mainly deals with the actions taken by the United Nations treaties and agencies to combat transnational human trafficking , as well as the actions taken by other important international organizations to combat transnational human trafficking . This chapter analyses the achievements of the United Nations - led multilateral legal system , and points out that the multilateral legal system has some problems such as the imbalance of norms of international law , the inadequate coercive force of the implementation mechanism , the contradiction between the practice of international organizations and the one - sidedness , etc .

Chapter III is the regional legal system for combating transnational trafficking in human beings . The regional legislative and judicial mechanisms established by the European Union in cooperation with criminal justice , as well as the human rights treaty system and the powerful implementation mechanism of the Council of Europe on the protection of victims as the core ideology , illustrate the respective functions and advantages of the two regional organizations in the fight against transnational trafficking in persons . At the same time , the European Union ' s system is too inclined to preserve the security of the Union rather than the protection and rehabilitation of victims , resulting in the inability of the European Union to fully address the underlying causes of the phenomenon of human trafficking ;
While the European Commission ' s legal system provides the most detailed and broad protection provisions for victims , it is subject to the vague attitude and uncertainty of the parties . This chapter is of the view that , as a whole , the regional legal system in Europe , while providing the most mature and concrete terms , also highlights the potential effectiveness of the treaty in order to obtain more States Parties . The regional provisions also highlight the role of Europe in the nature of human trafficking . Finally , it is recommended that the two institutions strengthen cooperation and work together to build regional joint mechanisms to combat transnational trafficking .

The fourth chapter is the bilateral legal mechanism _ selective case analysis to combat transnational human trafficking . In view of the different status of countries in cross - border human trafficking , this chapter selects bilateral cooperation between the United States and Canada , the United States and Mexico , Italy and Albania , Italy and Poland .

The fifth chapter is the legal system of China ' s fight against transnational human trafficking . From the point of view of China ' s need to combat transnational human trafficking , this paper discusses the analysis of China ' s unilateral legal response mechanism . It points out that China ' s current legislation is too fragmented and seriously incompatible with the treaty obligations , there are many loopholes and have not yet formed the system ;
There is a lack of stable long - term mechanisms for law enforcement in China , and there is a bias in law enforcement purposes , which will not substantially affect the organized criminal groups behind the fight against transnational trafficking , which in practice can lead to a vicious circle of law enforcement agencies and victims . As a result , legislation and law enforcement in China must be improved through the development of specific legislation , the revision of existing domestic law norms , the elimination of incentives for the crime , and the establishment of long - term law enforcement mechanisms to eliminate organized criminal groups for law enforcement purposes .

Chapter 6 is a conclusion , pointing out the problems faced by the international legal system against transnational human trafficking and making recommendations . This chapter points out that the construction of the international legal system is based on the analysis of multilateral , regional , bilateral and unilateral legal systems .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D997.9

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