本文選題：海洋石油開發(fā) + 海洋石油污染�。� 參考：《中國政法大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：海洋石油勘探開發(fā)已逐步成為能源獲取的主要途徑,而頻繁的開采會引發(fā)油井溢油等問題,造成海洋環(huán)境污染。加之海洋流動性強,污染會向全球擴散,并造成他國海洋環(huán)境污染。由此,“國家開發(fā)其資源并不致他國損害”的國際法原則便遭到破壞,國家賠償責(zé)任就可能隨之而來。關(guān)于海洋石油開發(fā)中的國家賠償責(zé)任,國際社會至今沒有一部統(tǒng)一的法律文件。然而,《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》和《國際法未加禁止之行為引起有害后果之國際責(zé)任草案》等已將國家賠償責(zé)任基本思路展現(xiàn)出來。盡管有些文件尚未生效,但其中的制度設(shè)計和規(guī)則安排,對研究海洋石油開發(fā)中的國家賠償責(zé)任具有巨大意義。 為了應(yīng)對海洋石油污染,我國已經(jīng)開發(fā)圍油柵、撇油器等設(shè)備,說明海洋石油污染已逐步受到國家重視。截至2009年,中國渤海、南海海區(qū)油氣平臺共200多個。但南海被稱為“第二個波斯灣”,未來將會建設(shè)大量鉆井平臺。可以預(yù)測,海洋油氣勘探是我國未來石油天然氣開發(fā)重點,而大規(guī)模石油開發(fā)勢必會對海洋環(huán)境產(chǎn)生影響。同時,一旦漏油事故在1000米至2000米水深發(fā)生,目前全球還沒有成熟的技術(shù)可以解決。這意味著,如果發(fā)生泄漏事故,我國很可能無法控制。當(dāng)因此而發(fā)生損害鄰國環(huán)境安全的事件,我國很可能被主張國家賠償責(zé)任。特別在南海,石油污染事故很可能成為東南亞國家向我國施以不善措施的借口。因此,研究海洋石油開發(fā)中的國家賠償責(zé)任,對我國海洋發(fā)展規(guī)劃具有防患于未然的現(xiàn)實意義。 本文立足于海洋石油污染現(xiàn)狀,從石油污染國家賠償責(zé)任的性質(zhì)、特點等方面出發(fā),分析國家賠償責(zé)任得以成立的基礎(chǔ)。同時,依據(jù)現(xiàn)有國際法文件,對國家賠償責(zé)任成立的基礎(chǔ)進行梳理,以求對海洋石油污染中的國家賠償責(zé)任有較好把握。文章分為四個部分: 第一部分,對海洋石油污染現(xiàn)狀予以歸納,通過對數(shù)據(jù)材料和案例的分析,突出海洋石油污染的嚴(yán)重性,進一步說明研究的客觀性和必要性。 第二部分,著重對海洋油污損害國家責(zé)任進行分析。該部分沿著“傳統(tǒng)國家責(zé)任——新型國家責(zé)任”的脈絡(luò),逐漸將研究對象引出。在“新型國家責(zé)任”中,重點闡述其中的海洋油污損害國家賠償責(zé)任。同時,從其概念、性質(zhì)以及特征等角度,詳細(xì)分析海洋石油開發(fā)環(huán)境污染中的國家責(zé)任,為下文論述作好鋪墊。 第三部分,承接第二部分,在國際法學(xué)理論和國際立法實踐層面,尋求海洋石油開發(fā)環(huán)境污染國家賠償責(zé)任的依據(jù),從而總結(jié)出該類國家賠償責(zé)任成立的合理性。 第四部分,總結(jié)。國家賠償責(zé)任作為傳統(tǒng)國家責(zé)任制度的補充,在由合法活動引發(fā)的國際性環(huán)境污染問題中非常重要。海洋石油開發(fā)中的國家賠償責(zé)任,從責(zé)任的層面保障了國際環(huán)境安全,使海洋環(huán)境在石油開采等高度危險活動中依然得以良好保護。
[Abstract]:Offshore oil exploration and development has gradually become the main way to obtain energy, and frequent exploitation will lead to oil spills and other problems, resulting in marine environmental pollution.Combined with the strong mobility of the ocean, pollution will spread to the world and cause pollution to the marine environment of other countries.As a result, the principle of international law that states exploit their resources without harming other countries is undermined, and State liability may follow.The international community does not have a uniform legal document on national liability in offshore oil development.However, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the draft International liability for injurious consequences arising out of acts not prohibited by international law have shown the basic thinking of State liability.Although some documents have not yet entered into force, the institutional design and rules are of great significance to the study of national liability in offshore oil development.In order to deal with the pollution of offshore oil, China has developed oil grating, skimming equipment and so on, which shows that the pollution of offshore oil has been paid more and more attention by the state.Up to 2009, China Bohai Sea, South China Sea oil and gas platforms a total of more than 200.But the South China Sea is known as the second Persian Gulf, and will build a large number of drilling platforms in the future.It can be predicted that offshore oil and gas exploration is the key point of future oil and gas development in China, and large-scale oil exploitation will inevitably have an impact on the marine environment.At the same time, once the oil spill occurs between 1000 meters and 2000 meters deep, there is no mature technology around the world.This means that in the event of a leak, the country is likely to be out of control.When the damage to the environmental security of neighboring countries occurs, our country is likely to be claimed for national liability.Especially in the South China Sea, oil pollution accidents are likely to be an excuse for Southeast Asian countries to impose improper measures on China.Therefore, it is of practical significance to study the national liability in the development of offshore oil for China's marine development planning.Based on the present situation of offshore oil pollution and the nature and characteristics of national liability for oil pollution, this paper analyzes the foundation of the establishment of national liability for compensation.At the same time, according to the existing international law documents, the foundation of the establishment of the national liability is combed in order to have a better grasp of the national liability in the marine oil pollution.The article is divided into four parts:In the first part, the present situation of offshore oil pollution is summarized. Through the analysis of data materials and cases, the seriousness of offshore oil pollution is highlighted, and the objectivity and necessity of the research are further explained.The second part focuses on the analysis of national liability for marine oil pollution damage.In this part, the research object is gradually drawn from the context of "traditional state responsibility-new state responsibility".In New State responsibility, the state liability for marine oil pollution damage is emphasized.At the same time, from the point of view of its concept, nature and characteristics, this paper analyzes in detail the responsibility of the state in the environmental pollution of offshore oil development, so as to pave the way for the following discussion.The third part, to undertake the second part, in the international legal theory and the international legislation practice level, seeks the foundation of the national liability for the pollution of the environment pollution of the offshore oil development, thus summarizes the rationality of this kind of national liability.The fourth part, summary.As a supplement of the traditional state liability system, state liability is very important in the international environmental pollution caused by legal activities.The national liability in offshore oil exploitation ensures the international environmental security from the level of liability, so that the marine environment can still be well protected in highly dangerous activities such as oil exploitation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D992;D996.9

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