發(fā)布時間：2018-04-05 16:09

  本文選題：競爭力　切入點：碳泄漏　出處：《武漢大學》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：應(yīng)對氣候變化逐漸成為世界各國經(jīng)濟、政治、外交博弈的焦點之一,同時,發(fā)達國家制定的嚴格氣候規(guī)制引發(fā)了其國內(nèi)對國際競爭力可能受損的擔憂。于是“污染避難所”理論被應(yīng)用于分析氣候規(guī)制對國際貿(mào)易的影響,并引申出競爭力問題和碳泄漏問題。在此背景下,一些與氣候變化相關(guān)的貿(mào)易措施為發(fā)達國家所提出和采用,迄今為止最受關(guān)注的主要有“碳關(guān)稅”、歐盟航空減排措施和產(chǎn)品碳標識,未來還可能出現(xiàn)其他新的類型。與氣候變化相關(guān)貿(mào)易措施的歷史雖然不長,但會對氣候談判和國際貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生巨大影響。作為21世紀我國面臨的新問題,與氣候變化相關(guān)貿(mào)易措施包含著許多前沿的理論問題,而且我國既是出口第一大國也是溫室氣體排放最多的國家,受這些貿(mào)易措施的影響勢必最大,因此對其研究具有重要的理論意義和現(xiàn)實意義。本文將首先分析與氣候變化相關(guān)貿(mào)易措施的由來和推動因素,并實證檢驗作為最直接理由的競爭力問題和碳泄漏問題；然后依次研究現(xiàn)有三種措施的具體規(guī)定、合法性、影響以及未來趨勢；最后提出我國應(yīng)對與氣候變化相關(guān)貿(mào)易措施的政策建議。全文共分七章,各章主要內(nèi)容如下： 第一章為緒論。本章將闡述文章的選題背景和意義,并對國內(nèi)外相關(guān)研究現(xiàn)狀進行系統(tǒng)梳理,進而介紹本文的研究思路和研究方法,最后提出文章的主要創(chuàng)新點和不足之處。 第二章分析與氣候變化相關(guān)貿(mào)易措施的由來和推動因素。這類貿(mào)易措施主要是為了解決發(fā)達國家關(guān)于競爭力問題和碳泄漏問題的擔憂,而更重要的推動因素還來自國際和國內(nèi)兩個層面。就國際層面而言,推動因素包括WTO對環(huán)境保護的重視、溫室氣體排放責任劃分的缺陷以及氣候談判斗爭的需要；國內(nèi)層面則是發(fā)達國家內(nèi)部部分利益集團的推動。 第三章實證檢驗競爭力問題和碳泄漏問題的嚴重程度。這兩個問題的實質(zhì)就是嚴格氣候規(guī)制對國際投資和國際貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生的負面影響。為此,本章引入了衡量各國氣候規(guī)制強弱的CCPI指數(shù)、CLIMI指數(shù)和C3-I指數(shù),建立了投資區(qū)位選擇模型和貿(mào)易引力模型,并利用2008-2011年的面板數(shù)據(jù)對這種負面影響進行實證檢驗。實證結(jié)果并沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)負面影響的證據(jù),雖然不能就此斷定競爭力問題和碳泄漏問題并不存在,但是至少說明這兩個問題在經(jīng)驗證據(jù)上是非常值得懷疑的。 第四章專門研究“碳關(guān)稅”。歐盟和美國對“碳關(guān)稅”的討論已有多年,最受關(guān)注的問題就是該措施是否符合WTO規(guī)則,但這仍是一個懸而未決的問題。目前“碳關(guān)稅”尚未實施,就已經(jīng)對共同但有區(qū)別責任原則形成沖擊,而一旦征收我國外貿(mào)必將遭受嚴重影響�？紤]到面臨的諸多障礙,“碳關(guān)稅”短期內(nèi)不會真正實施,不過發(fā)達國家并未放棄相關(guān)努力,未來“碳關(guān)稅”的設(shè)計細節(jié)可能出現(xiàn)一些新變化。 第五章專門研究歐盟航空減排措施。該措施遭到了國際社會的強烈反對,歐委會已經(jīng)提議將其凍結(jié)一年。措施的合法性也受到了廣泛質(zhì)疑,美國航空企業(yè)甚至將其告上法院,不過歐洲法院裁定歐盟對航空排放的立法符合國際法。如果歐盟航空減排措施按原計劃實施,我國航空業(yè)和對歐出口都將受到較大沖擊。而且該措施己經(jīng)對國際民航組織主導的航空減排談判產(chǎn)生了重大影響,其未來發(fā)展將很大程度上取決于2013年國際民航組織大會的結(jié)果。 第六章專門研究產(chǎn)品碳標識。目前實施的產(chǎn)品碳標識都屬于自愿性質(zhì),不過法國有意建立強制性產(chǎn)品碳標識,而這將違背WTO相關(guān)規(guī)則。產(chǎn)品碳標識有助于引導消費偏好轉(zhuǎn)向低碳產(chǎn)品,同時也會削弱發(fā)展中國家產(chǎn)品競爭力。未來產(chǎn)品碳標識將在曲折中繼續(xù)發(fā)展,但是強制性產(chǎn)品碳標識真正出臺的可能性不大。 第七章探討我國應(yīng)對的政策建議。為最大程度降低與氣候變化相關(guān)貿(mào)易措施的負面影響,我國可采取如下應(yīng)對策略：堅持氣候變化相關(guān)問題在《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》下解決；反對氣候談判中的單邊貿(mào)易措施；若貿(mào)易措施不可避免,必須體現(xiàn)共同但有區(qū)別責任原則；變壓力為動力推動對外貿(mào)易低碳化。
[Abstract]:Climate change has become one of the world economy, politics, diplomacy, the focus of the game at the same time, the strict regulation of climate in developed countries to develop the international competitiveness of domestic concerns may be damaged. So the "pollution haven" theory is applied to analyze the impact of climate regulation on international trade, and raises a problem of competitiveness and carbon leakage. Under this background, some climate change related trade measures proposed by developed countries and, by far the most popular are "carbon tariff", the EU aviation carbon emission reduction measures and product identification, other new types of the future may also be associated with climate change. Although the trade measures do not have a long history but, will have a huge impact on climate negotiations and international trade. As of twenty-first Century new problems faced by China, and climate change related trade measures contains many of the former The theoretical problem along the, and our country is also the biggest exporter of greenhouse gas emissions in most countries, these measures will inevitably affected by trade, so it has important theoretical and practical significance to study its origin. This paper will first analyze the trade measures related to climate change and driving factors, and empirical test as the leakage problem the most direct reason for the competitiveness and carbon; specific provisions, and then discusses the existing three measures of legitimacy, effects and future trends; finally, China's response to climate change measures related to trade policy recommendations. This thesis consists of seven chapters, the main contents of each chapter are as follows:
The first chapter is the introduction. This chapter will explain the background and significance of the topic selection, and systematically review the related research status at home and abroad, and then introduce the research ideas and research methods of this article. Finally, it puts forward the main points and shortcomings of the article.
The second chapter analyzes the origin of climate change related trade measures and promoting factors. This kind of trade measures is mainly to solve the leakage problem of developed countries concerns about competitiveness and carbon, and push factors but also from two international and domestic levels. On the international level, to promote the factors including WTO of the importance of environmental protection greenhouse gas emissions, the division of responsibility and defects of climate negotiations struggle; the domestic level is the developed countries internal interest groups.
The severity of leakage problem of the third chapter is the empirical test and carbon competitiveness. The negative impact of these two problems is the strict regulation of climate of international investment and international trade. Therefore, this chapter introduces the measure of strength of the national climate regulation CCPI index, CLIMI index and C3-I index, establishes the investment location choice model and trade the gravity model, and makes an empirical test on the negative effects of using panel data for 2008-2011 years. The empirical results and found no evidence of negative impacts, although can not conclude that competitiveness and carbon leakage problem does not exist, but at least that these two problems are very questionable in empirical evidence.
The fourth chapter devoted to the study of "carbon tariff". The European Union and the United States on the "carbon tariff" discussion for many years, the most concern is whether the measures comply with WTO rules, but this is still a problem in suspense. At present the "carbon tariff" has not been implemented, the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities form impact. But once the collection of China's foreign trade will suffer serious impact. Considering the many obstacles facing the "carbon tariff" short term will not be truly implemented, but the developed countries did not give up efforts, the future design details of carbon tariff may appear some new changes.
The fifth chapter devoted to the study of EU aviation emission reduction measures. The measures were strongly opposed by the international community, the European Commission has proposed to freeze a year. The legitimacy of the measures have also been widely questioned, the United States aviation enterprises even to court, but the court ruled that the EU in accordance with International Law on aviation emissions if the EU legislation. Aviation emission reduction measures according to the original plan, China's aviation industry and exports to Europe will be subject to greater impact. But the measure has been leading the ICAO aviation emission reduction negotiations had a major impact, its future development will largely depend on the results of the 2013 International Conference on Civil Aviation Organization.
The sixth chapter devoted to the study of product identity. Carbon carbon label products currently implemented are voluntary, but France intends to establish a mandatory carbon product logo, which would violate WTO rules. The product carbon labeling helps guide consumer preferences to low carbon products, while developing countries will weaken the competitiveness of products. Products will be in the future carbon label the twists and turns in the continued development, but the possibility of mandatory product carbon label really introduced little.
The seventh chapter discusses our country to deal with policy recommendations. Reduce the negative impact to the greatest extent and climate change related trade measures, China can take the following countermeasures: to solve problems related to climate change in the "United Nations Framework Convention on climate change > against climate negotiations; unilateral trade measures; if trade measures must be inevitable. Embodies the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities; to promote the low carbon pressure as a driving force in foreign trade.

【學位授予單位】：武漢大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D996.9

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本文編號：1715498