本文選題：國際人權(quán)條約　切入點：克減條款　出處：《遼寧大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：人權(quán)的克減,是國際人權(quán)法中的一項重要制度,在許多全球性、區(qū)域性人權(quán)條約中都有關(guān)于人權(quán)克減方面的條款。當(dāng)一國處于緊急狀態(tài)并危及其生存時,政府一方面要采取必要措施結(jié)束這種危急情況以恢復(fù)社會秩序的良性運行,另一方面又要盡可能地保護(hù)其公民的基本人權(quán)不受侵犯,在這一過程中,政府必然要暫時地犧牲個人的權(quán)利以維護(hù)國家利益。因此在二者之間必然存在沖突。對這一沖突的解決,正是人權(quán)克減條款作用之所在,因此,關(guān)于人權(quán)克減條款的研究有利于我們了解到國家在什么情況下,在多大的程度上可以對人權(quán)條約進(jìn)行克減?哪些權(quán)利內(nèi)容是不可克減的?如何完善現(xiàn)有的人權(quán)克減條款從而適應(yīng)當(dāng)今保護(hù)人權(quán)的現(xiàn)實需求?提出并解答這些問題,正是解決上述矛盾沖突的關(guān)鍵。但是,我們也看到:現(xiàn)有人權(quán)條約中關(guān)于人權(quán)克減條款的規(guī)定還存在很多不足,如在緊急狀態(tài)界定、不可克減權(quán)利范圍、以及該條款在具體實施過程中缺乏可操作性、條約機(jī)構(gòu)對締約國對這一條款的援引缺乏監(jiān)督及評價等。同時,當(dāng)今國際社會在保護(hù)人權(quán)方面面臨的新情況、新困難也要求向現(xiàn)有的人權(quán)克減規(guī)定中注入新的時代內(nèi)涵。綜上,本文從現(xiàn)有人權(quán)條約中關(guān)于人權(quán)克減的法律規(guī)定及克減實踐出發(fā),一方面總結(jié)現(xiàn)有法律規(guī)定及實際適用中存在的問題,另一方面相應(yīng)提出完善措施。充分發(fā)揮人權(quán)克減條款在保護(hù)人權(quán)方面的作用。具體包括如下四個部分: 第一部分,系統(tǒng)論述了全球性、區(qū)域性人權(quán)條約中克減條款的內(nèi)容及其相關(guān)人權(quán)條約機(jī)構(gòu)、各締約國對克減條款的解釋,及其在現(xiàn)實當(dāng)中的執(zhí)行情況加以闡述。 第二部分,針對第一部分的內(nèi)容,分別從人權(quán)克減條款本身的規(guī)定存在的缺陷和不足,以及實際執(zhí)行過程中反應(yīng)出來的一些突出問題入手,分析其原因,揭示出完善人權(quán)克減條款的必要性和緊迫性。 第三部分,這一部分是論文的核心部分,主要是針對上述問題及挑戰(zhàn)所提出的改善建議。首先,從適用這一條款的前提——緊急狀態(tài)談起,對緊急狀態(tài)的界定,特別是從國際人權(quán)法領(lǐng)域?qū)ζ溥M(jìn)行界定,同時要結(jié)合當(dāng)今保護(hù)人權(quán)的現(xiàn)實需求。其次,在完善不可克減權(quán)利方面,應(yīng)明確權(quán)利行使上的特殊情況,確定不可克減權(quán)利范圍,逐步完善現(xiàn)有權(quán)利保護(hù)框架。第三,對該條款在適用過程中涉及的締約國權(quán)利義務(wù)方面的規(guī)定加以完善,保障其適用過程的合法、合理,提高可操作性。第四,提倡條約機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)加強(qiáng)及完善對各締約國適用克減條款的整個過程的監(jiān)督與評價。 第四部分,結(jié)合我國在突發(fā)公共立法方面的實際,并聯(lián)系文章前三部分的一些觀點和看法,試探性地提出一些立法建議。
[Abstract]:Derogation of human rights, an important system of international human rights law, contains provisions on derogations from human rights in many global and regional human rights treaties... when a State is in a state of emergency and endangers its survival, In the process of taking the necessary measures to put an end to this critical situation in order to restore the healthy functioning of social order and, on the other hand, to protect, as far as possible, the fundamental human rights of its citizens, The Government is bound to temporarily sacrifice the rights of the individual in order to safeguard the national interest. Therefore, there must be a conflict between the two. The resolution of this conflict is precisely where the human rights derogation clause functions, therefore, The study of human rights derogations would help us to understand under what circumstances and to what extent States could derogate from human rights treaties. What rights are not subject to derogation? How to improve the existing human rights derogation provisions to meet the current human rights protection needs? Raising and answering these questions is the key to resolving these contradictions and conflicts. However, we also see that there are still many deficiencies in the provisions of existing human rights treaties on human rights derogations, such as the definition of a state of emergency, the scope of non-derogable rights, As well as the lack of operationalization of the article in its implementation, the lack of monitoring and evaluation by treaty bodies of the invocation of this provision by States parties, and, at the same time, the new circumstances facing the international community in the protection of human rights today, The new difficulties also require the injection of a new connotation of the era into the existing human rights derogation provisions. In summary, this paper proceeds from the legal provisions and derogation practices of the existing human rights treaties on human rights derogation. On the one hand, it summarizes the problems existing in the existing legal provisions and their practical application, on the other hand, it puts forward corresponding improvement measures, and gives full play to the role of human rights derogation clauses in the protection of human rights. The first part systematically discusses the contents of derogation clauses in global and regional human rights treaties and their relevant human rights treaty bodies, the interpretations of derogation clauses by all States parties and their implementation in reality. The second part, in view of the content of the first part, analyzes the reasons from the defects and shortcomings of the provisions of the human rights derogation clause itself, as well as some outstanding problems reflected in the actual implementation process. It reveals the necessity and urgency of perfecting the human rights derogation clause. The third part, this part is the core part of the paper, mainly aiming at the above problems and challenges put forward to improve the proposal. First, from the application of this article premise-state of emergency, the definition of the state of emergency, In particular, it should be defined from the field of international human rights law, while at the same time taking into account the practical needs for the protection of human rights today. Secondly, with regard to the perfection of non-derogable rights, the special circumstances of the exercise of rights should be clarified and the scope of non-derogable rights should be determined. Third, to perfect the provisions concerning the rights and obligations of the States parties involved in the application of the article, to guarantee the legality, reasonableness and maneuverability of the application process. To advocate that treaty bodies should strengthen and improve the monitoring and evaluation of the whole process of application of derogations to States parties. The fourth part, combined with the reality of public emergency legislation in our country, and connecting with some viewpoints and views of the first three parts of the article, tentatively puts forward some legislative suggestions.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：遼寧大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D998.2

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