本文選題：環(huán)境管理　切入點(diǎn)：環(huán)境善治　出處：《武漢大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：環(huán)境問(wèn)題在很大程度上是一種環(huán)境管理的問(wèn)題，當(dāng)今中國(guó)的環(huán)境危機(jī)，不僅是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與環(huán)境保護(hù)相矛盾的危機(jī)，更是環(huán)境管理和權(quán)益分配不協(xié)調(diào)的危機(jī)。環(huán)境管理不善會(huì)加重環(huán)境的污染與破壞。20世紀(jì)70年代以來(lái)，各國(guó)政府在面臨嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)危機(jī)的壓力之下開(kāi)始反思國(guó)家對(duì)社會(huì)的“治理之道”，世界范圍內(nèi)掀起了治道變革的浪潮，其主要內(nèi)容是強(qiáng)調(diào)政府職能的市場(chǎng)化、政府行為的法治化、政府決策的民主化、政府權(quán)力的多中心化。圍繞政府治理范式形成的諸多理論中影響較大的是善治理論，它強(qiáng)調(diào)在政府與公民合作基礎(chǔ)之上追求社會(huì)利益最大化，注重公共事務(wù)管理中公民集體價(jià)值的體現(xiàn)。這對(duì)我國(guó)環(huán)境管理創(chuàng)新有很大的啟示。 我國(guó)的環(huán)境管理經(jīng)歷了行政權(quán)力濃厚的“管制”階段和公民環(huán)境權(quán)利弱化的“治理”階段，正在邁向行政管理與公眾參與相結(jié)合的環(huán)境“善治”階段。以環(huán)境善治為目標(biāo)的環(huán)境管理創(chuàng)新應(yīng)當(dāng)以法治與正當(dāng)性、民主與參與度、公平與公信力以及效率與回應(yīng)性作為價(jià)值評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。環(huán)境管理的創(chuàng)新應(yīng)當(dāng)促進(jìn)環(huán)境管理主體從單一到多元的增加、環(huán)境管理視角從單向到雙向的轉(zhuǎn)變、環(huán)境管理結(jié)構(gòu)從直控到制衡的互動(dòng)，也就是建立環(huán)境行政管理與環(huán)境社會(huì)管理之間的互動(dòng)合作關(guān)系。然而，這種合作關(guān)系的構(gòu)建瓶頸在于雙方地位懸殊，薄弱的社會(huì)力量尚不足以制約行政權(quán)力的濫用，并且實(shí)踐中公眾參與環(huán)境保護(hù)多流于形式。因此，在環(huán)境法治建設(shè)進(jìn)程中可以運(yùn)用環(huán)境社會(huì)權(quán)力來(lái)彌補(bǔ)被架空的環(huán)境權(quán)利，發(fā)揮環(huán)境社會(huì)權(quán)力的兩重功能，即制約環(huán)境行政權(quán)力和維護(hù)環(huán)境公共利益。 環(huán)境社會(huì)權(quán)力是在“國(guó)家-社會(huì)”的二元分化中產(chǎn)生的一種權(quán)力形態(tài)，是非政府組織、社會(huì)群體和公民以其擁有的社會(huì)資源對(duì)與環(huán)境相關(guān)的行為所產(chǎn)生的影響力。環(huán)境社會(huì)權(quán)力的運(yùn)行有著不同于國(guó)家權(quán)力的規(guī)則，除了要有規(guī)范性的社會(huì)參與機(jī)制作為運(yùn)行平臺(tái)之外，還需要在環(huán)境法制建設(shè)中探索環(huán)境社會(huì)權(quán)力的運(yùn)行方式：或通過(guò)行政分權(quán)的方式樹(shù)立環(huán)境社會(huì)權(quán)力在法律中的一席之地，，或通過(guò)社會(huì)權(quán)力轉(zhuǎn)移的方式加強(qiáng)環(huán)境行政權(quán)力的責(zé)任承擔(dān)。另外，環(huán)境社會(huì)權(quán)力的運(yùn)行目的主要是促進(jìn)環(huán)境利益的公平配置，現(xiàn)階段主要是抑止環(huán)境公共利益的異化，加強(qiáng)環(huán)境利益分配中的扶弱，充分運(yùn)用環(huán)境社會(huì)權(quán)力的正義力量。
[Abstract]:The environmental problem is to a large extent an issue of environmental management. Today's environmental crisis in China is not only a crisis of contradiction between economic development and environmental protection. It is also a crisis of disharmony between environmental management and rights distribution. Environmental mismanagement will aggravate environmental pollution and damage. Since the 1970s, Under the pressure of the serious economic and social crisis, the governments of all countries began to reflect on the "way of governance" of the state to the society, and the tide of the reform of the governance way was set off in the world, the main content of which was to emphasize the marketization of the functions of the government. Among the many theories formed around the paradigm of government governance, such as the rule of law by law, the democratization of government decision-making and the multi-centralization of government power, the theory of good governance has a great influence. It emphasizes the pursuit of maximization of social benefits and the embodiment of the collective value of citizens in the management of public affairs on the basis of cooperation between the government and citizens, which has great implications for the innovation of environmental management in our country. The environmental management of our country has experienced the stage of "control" with strong administrative power and the stage of "governance" in which the environmental rights of citizens are weakened. The innovation of environmental management with the goal of environmental good governance should be based on the rule of law and legitimacy, democracy and participation. Fairness and credibility, efficiency and responsiveness are the criteria of value evaluation. The innovation of environmental management should promote the increase of environmental management subjects from single to pluralistic, and the change of environmental management perspective from one-way to bidirectional. The interaction of environmental management structure from direct control to balance is to establish an interactive and cooperative relationship between environmental administration and environmental and social management. The weak social power is not enough to restrict the abuse of administrative power, and in practice, public participation in environmental protection is a mere form.Therefore, the environmental social power can be used to make up for the environmental rights in the process of environmental legal construction. Exerting the dual functions of environmental social power, that is, restricting environmental administrative power and safeguarding environmental public interests. Environmental and social power is a form of power produced in the dualistic division of "state-society", and it is a non-governmental organization. The influence of social groups and citizens on environment-related behaviour with the social resources at their disposal. The functioning of environmental social power is different from the rules of State power, In addition to the normative mechanism of social participation as the operating platform, it is also necessary to explore the mode of operation of environmental and social power in the construction of environmental legal system: or to establish the space of environmental social power in the law through administrative decentralization. In addition, the purpose of environmental social power is to promote the fair allocation of environmental interests, and at the present stage, it is mainly to curb the alienation of environmental public interest. Strengthen the weak in the distribution of environmental benefits and make full use of the just power of environmental social power.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D996.9

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