本文選題：南海地圖　切入點(diǎn)：U形線　出處：《上海交通大學(xué)》2013年博士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：海洋秩序建構(gòu)過(guò)程中就一直存在“自由”與“控制”、“開(kāi)放”與“封閉”、“分享”與“獨(dú)占”之爭(zhēng)，并且此消彼長(zhǎng)、此起彼伏，至今都未平息，并且形成了“公海自由”以及沿海國(guó)得對(duì)其沿岸特定海域行使排他性管轄權(quán)的二元結(jié)構(gòu)。強(qiáng)調(diào)海洋自由以供包容性使用與鎖閉海洋以供排他性使用之間的緊張關(guān)系，反應(yīng)了國(guó)際海洋秩序一直處于不停的互動(dòng)、不斷出現(xiàn)需求與回應(yīng)需求的過(guò)程。在這個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)的建構(gòu)過(guò)程不同的國(guó)家根據(jù)其自身的政治理念、自然地理環(huán)境以及經(jīng)濟(jì)、技術(shù)發(fā)展水平等因素，對(duì)海洋利用提出不同的主張與制度構(gòu)想。中國(guó)雖然是一個(gè)海陸兼?zhèn)涞膰?guó)家，但也是一個(gè)海洋地理相對(duì)不利的國(guó)家和新興的海洋利用大國(guó)。中國(guó)對(duì)于南海地圖的解讀與定位需要平衡包容性利益與排他性利益的制度安排，以便使得相關(guān)主張既具有道義與規(guī)范基礎(chǔ)，能凝聚國(guó)際社會(huì)的共識(shí)，又能充分反映中國(guó)崛起的利益訴求。 南海U形線地圖對(duì)于維護(hù)中國(guó)在南海歷史性權(quán)益具有重要的意義，但同時(shí)也面臨巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。本文首先圍繞著南海U形線地圖證據(jù)價(jià)值的有關(guān)爭(zhēng)論，從地圖能否清楚地反映國(guó)家意圖；是否精確；是否中立性；是否前后一致；是否得到國(guó)際社會(huì)特別是有利害關(guān)系國(guó)家的承認(rèn)或默認(rèn)等地圖證據(jù)價(jià)值的視角，透視了南海地圖的國(guó)際法意義。進(jìn)而又從南海U形線地圖與歷史性權(quán)利的視角，研究了南海地圖的演進(jìn)歷史，考察了中國(guó)對(duì)海洋的歷史性權(quán)利主張、以及有關(guān)南海U形線的國(guó)家實(shí)踐，并試圖分析南海地圖U形線定性模糊所帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題及利弊。最后指出，，圍繞地圖的各種國(guó)家實(shí)踐以及各方的反應(yīng)與爭(zhēng)論，實(shí)際上最終體現(xiàn)的是民族主權(quán)國(guó)家對(duì)于海洋秩序的關(guān)切。 本文通過(guò)對(duì)于南海地圖特別是其中的U形線的重新解讀，分析地圖證據(jù)在南海海洋劃界中的可能意義，U形線與歷史性權(quán)利、海洋資源開(kāi)發(fā)以及航行自由的關(guān)系，進(jìn)而反思不同“U形線學(xué)說(shuō)”背后的民族國(guó)家意識(shí)與海洋秩序觀念。百余年來(lái)中國(guó)所受的挑戰(zhàn)與屈辱主要來(lái)自海上，三十余年來(lái)中國(guó)的發(fā)展與復(fù)興很大程度上也得益于面向海外的開(kāi)放策略。在當(dāng)今世界正加速步入海洋世紀(jì)，維護(hù)海洋權(quán)益、開(kāi)發(fā)海洋資源、保護(hù)海洋環(huán)境、探索海洋奧秘、謀求新的發(fā)展空間正日益成為國(guó)際社會(huì)共同關(guān)注焦點(diǎn)的背景下，妥當(dāng)?shù)亟庾xU形線，合理地處理海洋的包容性與排他性制度安排，進(jìn)而思考中國(guó)作為一個(gè)正在崛起的世界性大國(guó)需要何種之海洋秩序，以及在今后國(guó)際海洋秩序的建構(gòu)與調(diào)整過(guò)程中應(yīng)當(dāng)采取何種立場(chǎng)，是擺在國(guó)人面前的一項(xiàng)急迫的任務(wù)。
[Abstract]:In the process of building marine order, there has always been a struggle between "freedom" and "control", "openness" and "closure", "sharing" and "monopoly". And forming a dualistic structure of "freedom of the high seas" and exclusive jurisdiction of coastal States over specific maritime areas along their coasts... emphasizing the tension between freedom of the sea for inclusive use and locking it up for exclusive use, Reflecting the constant interaction of the international marine order, the constant emergence of needs and the process of responding to them. In this dynamic process of construction, different countries are based on their own political ideas, physical geography and economy, Factors such as the level of technological development have put forward different ideas and institutional ideas for the utilization of the ocean. Although China is a country with both land and sea, However, it is also a country with a relatively unfavorable marine geography and a new marine utilization power. China's interpretation and positioning of the South China Sea map requires institutional arrangements to balance inclusive and exclusive interests. In order to make the relevant claims not only moral and normative basis, can gather the consensus of the international community, but also fully reflect the interests of China's rise. The U-line map of the South China Sea is of great significance for safeguarding China's historical rights and interests in the South China Sea, but at the same time it faces a great challenge. This paper first focuses on the argument about the evidential value of the U-line map of the South China Sea. From the perspective of whether the map clearly reflects the intentions of the State; whether it is accurate; whether it is neutral; whether it is consistent; whether it is recognized or acquiesced in by the international community, in particular by interested States; From the perspective of the U-line map and historical rights of the South China Sea, this paper studies the evolution of the map of the South China Sea, and examines China's historical claim to the sea. The paper also tries to analyze the problems and advantages and disadvantages caused by the fuzzy nature of U-shaped lines in the South China Sea map. Finally, it points out the various national practices around the map and the reactions and controversies of the parties concerned. In fact, the ultimate embodiment is the national sovereign state's concern for the order of the sea. Based on the reinterpretation of the map of the South China Sea, especially the U-shaped line, this paper analyzes the possible significance of the map evidence in the delimitation of the South China Sea and the relationship between the U-shaped line and the historical rights, the exploitation of marine resources and the freedom of navigation. And then reflect on the national consciousness and the concept of marine order behind different "U-shaped line theories." the challenges and humiliations that China has been subjected to for more than a hundred years come mainly from the sea. The development and rejuvenation of China in the past 30 years has also greatly benefited from the strategy of opening up to overseas countries. In today's world, China is accelerating into the ocean century, safeguarding the rights and interests of the sea, developing marine resources, protecting the marine environment, and exploring the mysteries of the ocean. Under the background that seeking new space for development is increasingly becoming the common focus of the international community, we should properly interpret the U-shaped line and rationally deal with the inclusive and exclusive institutional arrangements of the oceans, It is an urgent task for Chinese people to consider what kind of marine order is needed by China as a rising world power and what position should be taken in the process of constructing and adjusting the international marine order in the future.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海交通大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D993.5

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