本文關(guān)鍵詞： 占據(jù) 領(lǐng)土取得 低潮高地 海洋法 領(lǐng)土爭(zhēng)端成案　出處：《武漢大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：關(guān)于領(lǐng)土取得,傳統(tǒng)理論一般分為先占、時(shí)效、添附、割讓、征服五種"方式",這當(dāng)中含有真理,但與實(shí)際適用的規(guī)則存在較大區(qū)別。20世紀(jì)以來,國際法院等司法機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)一系列領(lǐng)土爭(zhēng)端案件作出的司法判例形成了當(dāng)代國際法上領(lǐng)土取得規(guī)則的重要淵源。隨著地球表面易于控制的土地進(jìn)一步減少,19世紀(jì)的"有效占領(lǐng)"規(guī)則在20世紀(jì)的實(shí)踐中表現(xiàn)出一些新特點(diǎn),其中之一即對(duì)于島礁的取得,國家活動(dòng)"有效性"(對(duì)于領(lǐng)土取得)的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在實(shí)際控制的要求上有所降低,有時(shí)數(shù)量極少、程度極弱但被認(rèn)為具有法律關(guān)聯(lián)的國家活動(dòng)就能夠被評(píng)價(jià)為發(fā)生領(lǐng)土取得效果的有效行為。在國家的領(lǐng)土主權(quán)主張進(jìn)一步向海洋地物延伸的過程中,低潮高地可否被據(jù)為領(lǐng)土于是成為有爭(zhēng)議的問題。本文首先在司法判例的基礎(chǔ)上歸納了 20世紀(jì)以來形成的以"有效管轄活動(dòng)"(effectivites)為中心的領(lǐng)土取得規(guī)則在海洋地物取得中的特點(diǎn),旨在闡明能夠產(chǎn)生領(lǐng)土取得效果的主權(quán)活動(dòng)在數(shù)量和質(zhì)量上的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是與對(duì)象領(lǐng)土的實(shí)際自然狀況相適應(yīng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),數(shù)量極少、程度極弱的國家活動(dòng)也能夠創(chuàng)設(shè)主權(quán)。其次,著眼于考察低潮高地制度在條約法,主要是海洋法的編纂和發(fā)展中的產(chǎn)生和確立過程,辨明低潮高地制度始終是在領(lǐng)海和領(lǐng)�；�問題項(xiàng)下討論,并且多與島嶼相比較,最終確立的制度賦予它們相似但不同的定義,而海洋權(quán)利方面的規(guī)定相差甚大;同時(shí)辨明領(lǐng)海制度不同于領(lǐng)土取得;總之,海洋法未就低潮高地可否被據(jù)為領(lǐng)土做出規(guī)定。接著,考察20世紀(jì)以來國際法院等處理的領(lǐng)土爭(zhēng)端案件當(dāng)中有關(guān)低潮高地可否被據(jù)為領(lǐng)土的問題,分析當(dāng)事國和裁判機(jī)構(gòu)在"卡塔爾訴巴林""尼加拉瓜訴哥倫比亞""厄立特里亞和也門"等案中對(duì)這一問題的處理,指明司法判例的準(zhǔn)確結(jié)論是低潮高地自身可否被據(jù)為領(lǐng)土的問題結(jié)論待定,且低潮高地可作為群島組成部分被據(jù)為領(lǐng)土。然后,辨析"高潮時(shí)沒入水中"與低潮高地可否被據(jù)為領(lǐng)土的關(guān)系,認(rèn)為該特性不足以否認(rèn)低潮高地自身可被據(jù)為領(lǐng)土;另一方面,"整體"理論有適用上的合法性,低潮高地可作為群島組成部分被據(jù)為領(lǐng)土。最后,本文結(jié)論認(rèn)為,低潮高地自身或作為群島組成部分可被據(jù)為領(lǐng)土均有基礎(chǔ)。
[Abstract]:About the acquisition of territory, the traditional theory can be divided into pre empt, aging, accession, cession, the conquest of the five "way", which contains the truth, since the.20 century, but there is a big difference with the actual applied rules, the International Court of the judiciary on a series of territorial disputes as a judicial precedent has formed an important source of contemporary international law on territorial acquisition rules. Along with the earth's surface is easy to control the land is further reduced, the nineteenth Century "effective occupation" rules show some new features in the twentieth Century practice, one of which is to get reefs, validity of the national "activities" (for territorial acquisition criteria) were reduced in the actual control requirements, sometimes the number is very small, but very weak degree is considered to have legal related national activities can be evaluated as territorial effect of effective behavior. In the country's territorial sovereignty and A further extension to the ocean surface during low tide elevations can be according to the territory became a controversial issue. Based on the judicial precedents to conclude the "effective jurisdiction of activities since twentieth Century the formation of" (effectivites) as the center of the territorial acquisition rules in marine objects to obtain the characteristics, aims to clarify to achieve effect of sovereign territory activities in quantity and quality standard is in accordance with the actual situation of the natural object of the territory, the number is very small, very weak country activities can also create sovereignty. Second, focus on the effects of low tide elevations system in the law of treaties, mainly the codification and development of the law of the sea the emergence and establishment process, identify the time of high system is always discussed in the territorial waters and territorial sea baseline problem, and compared with the island, eventually establish the system to give them. Similar but different definitions, and marine rights provisions vary greatly; at the same time to identify the territorial sea system is different from the acquisition of territory; in short, the law of the sea is not low tide elevations can be according to the provisions for the territory. Then, since the case study in twentieth Century, the International Court of the territorial dispute processing parts on low tide elevations can be according to the territory the problem analysis of the parties and the referee organization at the Qatar v. Bahrain "Nicaragua v. Columbia" Eritrea and Yemen "in the case of this problem, the accurate conclusion indicates judicial precedent is the low tide heights itself can be according to the territorial issue pending conclusion, and can be used as the time of high islands is according to the territory. Then, the analysis of the" tide submerged "and low tide elevations can be according to the relationship of the territory, that this feature is not enough to deny themselves can be according to the low tide elevations for territory; On the other hand, the "holistic" theory has the legitimacy of application. The low tide heights can be regarded as a part of the archipelago.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D993.5

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