本文關(guān)鍵詞： 信用證軟條款 法律性質(zhì) 法律救濟(jì) 國際貿(mào)易　出處：《山東大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：信用證支付方式已被稱為國際商務(wù)的生命線,從信用證制度設(shè)立以來,信用證支付方式就備受國際貿(mào)易中雙方的青睞,信用證制度的設(shè)立也極大地促進(jìn)了各國貿(mào)易的交流和世界整體貿(mào)易的發(fā)展。但是信用證支付方式本身也存在很多問題,本文就信用證軟條款的相關(guān)法律問題進(jìn)行探討。 本文分五章,從信用證的基本制度著手,將問題引申到信用證軟條款的基本理論和法律性質(zhì)。將基礎(chǔ)理論與案例結(jié)合分析,提出對信用證軟條款的救濟(jì)和防范措施,進(jìn)而提出信用證制度完善的建議。 首先從信用證的基本概念說起,第一章介紹了信用證的概念、信用證產(chǎn)生的原因、信用證中的當(dāng)事人、信用證的性質(zhì)以及信用證的基本原則,為信用證軟條款的提出和分析打下理論基礎(chǔ)。 第二章介紹了信用證軟條款的基本理論。對于信用證軟條款的概念、產(chǎn)生的原因以及如何識別等逐一介紹。信用證軟條款是單方面被開證行或者開證申請人控制,使受益人處于不利地位難以取得應(yīng)有貨款的條款。對于信用證軟條款產(chǎn)生的原因從內(nèi)部和外部來分析,信用證軟條款的分類也結(jié)合了交易的各個環(huán)節(jié)與軟條款的設(shè)立技巧進(jìn)行。 第三章是對信用證軟條款核心問題法律性質(zhì)和法律效力的論述。通過信用證軟條款與附條件的法律文件、可撤銷信用證、信用證欺詐、信用證詐騙等問題比較分析,得出信用證軟條款應(yīng)視不同的情形,結(jié)合主客觀條件來進(jìn)行定性,不能一概而論。同樣對于信用證軟條款的效力認(rèn)定也應(yīng)結(jié)合不同情況來進(jìn)行界定。 第四章針對信用證軟條款的相關(guān)問題提出救濟(jì)的方法,主要包括信用證項下的救濟(jì)和基礎(chǔ)合同項下的救濟(jì),信用證項下的救濟(jì)借鑒欺詐例外原則適用,基礎(chǔ)合同項下賣方可以追究違約或者預(yù)期違約責(zé)任進(jìn)行救濟(jì)。 第五章在論述了以上問題后提出對信用證軟條款防范及信用證制度完善的建議。通過在實踐中的一些做法來防范信用證軟條款濫用,也從制度設(shè)計上思考如何更好地進(jìn)行規(guī)避,例如法律法規(guī)的界定、格式的統(tǒng)一、雙方的利益的平衡。 歸根結(jié)底,信用證軟條款是信用證制度內(nèi)部缺陷和外部原因共同作用下產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。本文結(jié)合商務(wù)中的實踐,對以上問題做了詳細(xì)的論述,希望對指導(dǎo)貿(mào)易實踐和完善信用證的制度起到一定的借鑒作用。
[Abstract]:Since the establishment of the L / C system, the payment method of L / C has been favored by both parties in international trade. The establishment of the system of letters of credit has greatly promoted the exchange of trade between countries and the development of the whole world trade. However, there are many problems in the way of payment of letters of credit. This paper discusses the legal problems related to the soft clauses of letters of credit. This paper is divided into five chapters, starting with the basic system of the letter of credit, extending the problem to the basic theory and legal nature of the soft clause of the letter of credit. Combining the basic theory with the case, the author puts forward the relief and preventive measures to the soft clause of the letter of credit. And then put forward the suggestion of perfecting the letter of credit system. The first chapter introduces the concept of the letter of credit, the causes of the letter of credit, the parties in the letter of credit, the nature of the letter of credit and the basic principles of the letter of credit. To lay a theoretical foundation for the presentation and analysis of the soft terms of the letter of credit. The second chapter introduces the basic theory of the soft clause of the letter of credit. The concept of the soft clause of the letter of credit, the reasons for its emergence and how to identify it are introduced one by one. The soft clause of the letter of credit is unilaterally controlled by the issuing bank or the applicant for issuing the letter of credit. It is difficult for the beneficiary to obtain the due payment terms. For the causes of the soft terms of the letter of credit from the internal and external analysis, the classification of the soft terms of the letter of credit also combines the various aspects of the transaction and the establishment of the soft terms. The third chapter is the discussion of the legal nature and legal effect of the core issues of the soft clause of the letter of credit. It is concluded that the soft clause of the letter of credit should be characterized according to different circumstances, combined with subjective and objective conditions, and not generalized.At the same time, the determination of the validity of the soft clause of the letter of credit should also be defined in the light of different circumstances. Chapter 4th puts forward the methods to remedy the soft clause of the letter of credit, including the relief under the letter of credit and the relief under the basic contract, and the relief under the letter of credit applies to the exceptional principle of fraud. Under the basic contract, the seller may be held responsible for breach of contract or expected breach of contract. Chapter 5th, after discussing the above problems, puts forward some suggestions on how to guard against the soft clause of the letter of credit and the perfection of the letter of credit system, and to prevent the abuse of the soft clause of the letter of credit through some practices in practice. We also think about how to better circumvent from the system design, such as the definition of laws and regulations, the unification of format, and the balance of the interests of both sides. In the final analysis, the soft clause of the letter of credit is the result of the joint action of the internal defects and external reasons of the letter of credit system. Hope to guide the practice of trade and improve the letter of credit system play a certain reference role.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D996.2;F740.4

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