本文關(guān)鍵詞： 鹿特丹規(guī)則 提單功能 無單放貨　出處：《吉林大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：提單作為買賣工具在長期的歷史發(fā)展中演變，至今在國際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易發(fā)展中仍占據(jù)重要地位。由于《鹿特丹規(guī)則》的出現(xiàn)，傳統(tǒng)提單受到了很大的挑戰(zhàn)。提單之所以具有物權(quán)憑證功能，是因?yàn)槠淞鬓D(zhuǎn)速度快于海上貨物運(yùn)輸?shù)拇�。�?dāng)代科技的發(fā)展和造船技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，都使得航運(yùn)速度大幅提升，而集裝箱運(yùn)輸?shù)钠占耙彩沟煤Ｉ县浳镞\(yùn)輸速度得以提高。由于提單的速度沒有加快，經(jīng)常是，，貨物已經(jīng)到達(dá)目的港，但是提單卻還在流轉(zhuǎn)之中，這一情況在短途運(yùn)輸中尤為明顯。這樣，提單的流轉(zhuǎn)速度不但沒有促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，反而成了阻礙貨物運(yùn)輸?shù)恼系K。電子單證的出現(xiàn)解決了提單流轉(zhuǎn)緩慢的問題，對(duì)傳統(tǒng)提單是較大的沖擊。隨著科技發(fā)展，計(jì)算機(jī)的普遍應(yīng)用，電子提單應(yīng)運(yùn)而生并迅速發(fā)展。由于借助了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)，電子提單的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)速度大為提高，但傳統(tǒng)提單的功能也并沒有收到太大的影響。雖然電子提單的使用率現(xiàn)在還不是很高，但這些都不能構(gòu)成實(shí)質(zhì)性的影響，在不久的將來，電子提單一定會(huì)有所發(fā)展進(jìn)步，將對(duì)傳統(tǒng)提單產(chǎn)生重大影響。 隨著情形的變遷，提單在現(xiàn)實(shí)海運(yùn)實(shí)踐中遇到了困境，簽發(fā)不止一份的正本提單、副本提單加保函提貨、無正本提單放貨等，嚴(yán)重影響了航運(yùn)秩序。我國在提單制度方面也存在這種危機(jī)，提單問題在法律方面的模糊與空缺，導(dǎo)致了理論的爭(zhēng)議和法律適用的不統(tǒng)一。提單在一段歷史時(shí)期內(nèi)還不會(huì)被其他運(yùn)輸單證所取代，將繼續(xù)發(fā)揮它的優(yōu)勢(shì)作用，所以對(duì)提單功能的研究也是不會(huì)過時(shí)的。筆者通過閱讀各界學(xué)者的文章及書籍，分析提單功能的同時(shí)也對(duì)無單放貨問題進(jìn)行探討，總結(jié)國內(nèi)外關(guān)于提單的制度，借鑒國外先進(jìn)的立法司法經(jīng)驗(yàn)，從不同的角度對(duì)提單的功能進(jìn)行研究，并分析我國應(yīng)采取的相應(yīng)對(duì)策。 綜上，提單是運(yùn)輸單證的重要組成部分，提單功能是研究運(yùn)輸單證法律制度的核心。加強(qiáng)對(duì)提單功能法律制度的研究，可以更好的認(rèn)識(shí)提單法律制度，把握提單在實(shí)踐中的具體應(yīng)用。《鹿特丹規(guī)則》中關(guān)于運(yùn)輸單證新規(guī)定及貨物交付的原則，都在一定程度上改變著提單在海上為貨物運(yùn)輸業(yè)中的地位。在新規(guī)則下允許承運(yùn)人在一定條件下無單放貨原則，深深的觸動(dòng)了現(xiàn)有提單法律體系。無單放貨問題是伴隨提單的發(fā)展而產(chǎn)生的，想要改變現(xiàn)在的由于傳統(tǒng)提單滯后帶來的種種問題，不僅要在運(yùn)輸單證上著手，還要完善相關(guān)立法規(guī)范。具體體現(xiàn)在我國，要完善無單放貨的嚴(yán)格責(zé)任體系，提高提單的流轉(zhuǎn)速度，推廣電子單證和海運(yùn)單。同時(shí)通過分析無單放貨的法律問題，也從中得到了許多啟示。海商法的核心還是要發(fā)展海上貿(mào)易，那么就應(yīng)該要平衡船方和貨方的利益，達(dá)到雙贏，也要兼顧國際貿(mào)易與海運(yùn)的相互滲透與獨(dú)立，在吸納國際公約和國際先進(jìn)航運(yùn)國家最新立法的同時(shí)，建立本土的承運(yùn)人制度。
[Abstract]:Bill of lading, as a trading tool, has evolved in the long history and still occupies an important position in the development of international economy and trade. The traditional bill of lading is challenged greatly. The bill of lading has the function of document of title because it flows faster than the ship speed of the carriage of goods by sea, the development of modern science and technology and the progress of shipbuilding technology. Because the speed of bill of lading has not been accelerated, often the goods have arrived at the port of destination. But the bill of lading is still in circulation, this situation is especially obvious in short distance transportation. Thus, the circulation speed of bill of lading not only does not promote economic development. The emergence of electronic documents has solved the problem of slow circulation of bills of lading, which is a great impact on traditional bills of lading. With the development of science and technology, computer is widely used. Electronic bill of lading came into being and developed rapidly. With the help of Internet technology, the speed of electronic bill of lading has been greatly improved. But the function of the traditional bill of lading has not received too much influence. Although the usage rate of the electronic bill of lading is not very high at present, these cannot form the substantive influence in the near future. Electronic bills of lading are bound to develop and progress and will have a significant impact on traditional bills of lading. With the change of the situation, the bill of lading has encountered difficulties in the actual practice of shipping, issuing more than one original bill of lading, duplicate bill of lading with guarantee to pick up the goods, no original bill of lading delivery, etc. The system of bill of lading in our country also exists this kind of crisis, the problem of bill of lading is vague and vacant in the aspect of law. The bill of lading will not be replaced by other transport documents in a historical period, and will continue to play its advantage role. Therefore, the research on the function of bill of lading will not be out of date. The author analyzes the function of bill of lading by reading the articles and books of scholars from all walks of life, and summarizes the system of bill of lading at home and abroad. This paper studies the function of bill of lading from different angles and analyzes the corresponding countermeasures to be taken by our country for reference to the advanced legislative and judicial experience of foreign countries. In summary, the bill of lading is an important part of the transport document, and the function of the bill of lading is the core of the study of the legal system of transport document. To strengthen the study of the legal system of the bill of lading, we can better understand the legal system of the bill of lading. Grasp the specific application of bill of lading in practice. The new provisions of the Rotterdam rules on transport documents and the principles of delivery of goods. Both of them have changed the status of bill of lading in the shipping industry to a certain extent. Under the new rules, the carrier is allowed to release goods without documentary under certain conditions. Deeply touched the existing legal system of bills of lading. The issue of delivery of goods without bills of lading is accompanied by the development of bills of lading. If you want to change the current problems caused by the lag of traditional bills of lading, we should not only start on transport documents. But also to improve the relevant legislative norms. Specifically reflected in our country, to improve the strict liability system to improve the circulation speed of bills of lading. At the same time, through the analysis of the legal issues of undocumented delivery of goods, we also get a lot of inspiration. The core of maritime law is to develop maritime trade. So we should balance the interests of the ship and the cargo to achieve a win-win, but also take into account the mutual penetration and independence of international trade and shipping, while absorbing international conventions and the latest legislation of advanced international shipping countries at the same time. Establish a native carrier system.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D996.19

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