本文關(guān)鍵詞： WTO 《TBT協(xié)定》 規(guī)制　出處：《南京大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘是新型貿(mào)易壁壘,屬于非關(guān)稅貿(mào)易壁壘的范疇。隨著產(chǎn)品技術(shù)的不斷創(chuàng)新,生產(chǎn)水平的不斷提高,消費(fèi)者對于產(chǎn)品的要求不斷嚴(yán)格,國家對于產(chǎn)品制造過程中產(chǎn)生的環(huán)境保護(hù)、人類動植物生命健康保護(hù)以及防止欺詐的關(guān)注程度日切。在此背景下,進(jìn)口國不斷提高產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、市場準(zhǔn)入門檻,這些措施某種程度上影響了貿(mào)易的發(fā)展,技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘由此產(chǎn)生。技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘對于貿(mào)易的負(fù)面影響巨大,各國因此而遭受的貿(mào)易損失不斷擴(kuò)大。情勢所迫,國際社會已對必需規(guī)制與消除形態(tài)多樣的非關(guān)稅貿(mào)易壁壘達(dá)成共識,《技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘協(xié)定》是WTO下專門規(guī)制技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘的規(guī)范性文件。 技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘有形式多樣、易于隱蔽、且效果顯著的特點(diǎn),而且在全球范圍內(nèi)有愈演愈烈之勢。發(fā)達(dá)國家與發(fā)展中國家間、發(fā)達(dá)國家之間都存在眾多技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘�！都夹g(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘協(xié)定》主要從產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)法規(guī)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與合格評定程序方面來規(guī)范產(chǎn)品的進(jìn)口標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。該協(xié)定在以下幾方面存在規(guī)制技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘的不足：涉及的核心法律概念與法律術(shù)語定義模糊,給實踐運(yùn)用帶來困難；“等效原則”在技術(shù)法規(guī)推行中有礙國家經(jīng)濟(jì)主權(quán)；“相互承認(rèn)原則”難以實際實行：“發(fā)展中國家的特殊和差別待遇原則”缺乏約束難以實現(xiàn)；對于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化機(jī)構(gòu)選擇的寬松態(tài)度容易被利用,易于設(shè)置技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘；在合格評定程序方面,創(chuàng)新設(shè)置的投訴制度難以解決現(xiàn)實糾紛；對于各國普遍認(rèn)可的第三方認(rèn)證機(jī)構(gòu)沒有給予認(rèn)可,使得國家間合格評定程序不統(tǒng)一易于造成糾紛。 鑒于上述情況,結(jié)合WTO運(yùn)行機(jī)制,利用現(xiàn)有的措施與制度,可以試圖從以下幾個方面彌補(bǔ)《技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘協(xié)定》規(guī)制的不足之處：WTO爭端解決機(jī)構(gòu)DSB可以通過上訴報告或者重要補(bǔ)遺的形式對核心法律概念、法律術(shù)語作出明確闡述與規(guī)范,避免重復(fù)解釋,避免涵義模糊而致的不公；為避開與國家經(jīng)濟(jì)主權(quán)的對抗,將創(chuàng)設(shè)的“等效性原則”推行于產(chǎn)品的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與合格評定程序?qū)佣?而不是技術(shù)法規(guī)層面；演化已有的“觀察員”制度,加強(qiáng)與國際大型標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化機(jī)構(gòu)之間的合作,共同管理國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)秩序；認(rèn)可第三方認(rèn)證制度的合法；重視技術(shù)專家小組在爭端解決中的作用,技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘委員會注重專門人才的認(rèn)可與培養(yǎng)；技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘委員會經(jīng)WTO授權(quán)嘗試建立公開報告制度,以考核發(fā)達(dá)國家對于發(fā)展中國家技術(shù)援助的情況,促進(jìn)發(fā)達(dá)國家落實“發(fā)展中國家的特殊和差別待遇原則”,供發(fā)展中國家參考選擇貿(mào)易伙伴,更好地建立國際貿(mào)易秩序。
[Abstract]:Technical barriers to trade (TBT) is a new type of trade barrier, which belongs to the category of non-tariff trade barriers. With the continuous innovation of product technology and the continuous improvement of production level, consumers' requirements for products are constantly strict. Countries are increasingly concerned about the environmental protection, the health protection of human animals and plants, and the prevention of fraud arising from the manufacturing process. In this context, importing countries are constantly raising the technical standards of products. The threshold of market access, these measures to some extent affect the development of trade, technical barriers to trade. Technical barriers to trade have a great negative impact on trade. The international community has reached a consensus on the need to regulate and eliminate various forms of non-tariff barriers to trade. The Agreement on Technical barriers to Trade (TBT) is a normative document specifically regulating TBT under WTO. Technical barriers to Trade (TBT) are characterized by various forms, easy concealment, and remarkable effect, and they are becoming more and more intense in the global scope, between developed and developing countries. There are many technical barriers to trade between developed countries. The Agreement on Technical barriers to Trade mainly comes from the technical regulations of products. The agreement has some shortcomings in regulating TBT in the following aspects: the definition of core legal concepts and legal terms is vague. Bring difficulties to practice; The "principle of equivalence" hinders national economic sovereignty in the implementation of technical laws and regulations; The principle of mutual recognition is difficult to implement in practice and the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries is difficult to achieve without constraints; The loose attitude to the standardization organization is easy to be used, and it is easy to set up technical barriers to trade; In the aspect of conformity assessment procedure, the innovative complaint system is difficult to solve the actual disputes; Due to the non-recognition of the universally recognized third-party certification bodies, it is easy to cause disputes because of the disunity of conformity assessment procedures between countries. In view of the above situation, combined with the WTO operation mechanism, using the existing measures and systems. We can try to make up the deficiency of TBT Agreement from the following aspects: DSB can make up the core legal concept by appellate report or important supplement form. The legal terms are clearly stated and standardized to avoid repeated interpretations and to avoid the injustice caused by the ambiguity of the meaning. In order to avoid the confrontation with national economic sovereignty, the "equivalence principle" will be created in the product standards and conformity assessment procedures, rather than the level of technical regulations; Evolution of the existing "observer" system to strengthen cooperation with large international standardization bodies and to jointly manage the international standard order; To recognize the legitimacy of the third party certification system; Emphasis should be placed on the role of technical expert groups in dispute settlement, and the Technical barriers to Trade Committee should pay attention to the recognition and cultivation of specialized personnel; The Technical barriers to Trade Commission (TBT) has been authorized by the WTO to try to establish an open reporting system to assess the technical assistance provided by developed countries to developing countries. To promote the implementation by developed countries of the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, so as to provide reference for developing countries to choose their trading partners and to better establish an international trade order.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D996.1

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