本文關(guān)鍵詞： 人體盾牌 直接參加敵對行動 平民保護 戰(zhàn)爭罪　出處：《中國政法大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：人體盾牌已經(jīng)成為現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)場上廣泛采用的策略,但現(xiàn)在還沒有國際條約對這一問題進行規(guī)制。1人體盾牌是否絕對被禁止使用?如果武裝沖突一方使用了人體盾牌,構(gòu)成了違反國際法的行為,那么沖突的另一方是否就可以毫無顧忌的對人體盾牌進行攻擊?人體盾牌是平民還是戰(zhàn)斗員?抓獲人體盾牌后,其是否具有戰(zhàn)俘地位?2自愿充當人盾的行為是否構(gòu)成戰(zhàn)爭罪?抓獲后應(yīng)該提交國際刑事法庭審判,還是依據(jù)國內(nèi)法進行審判?古希臘哲學(xué)家亞里士多德曾說:“法律是免除一切情欲影響的神祗和理智的體現(xiàn)�！�3我國先賢管仲也說:“法律政令者,吏民規(guī)矩繩墨也�！�4可見,法律對規(guī)制人類行為具有重要作用。對于人類生活具有嚴重影響的戰(zhàn)爭行為,當然更需要法律進行規(guī)制。本文依托國際法的理論,對人體盾牌這一空白領(lǐng)域展開討論。試圖在法律上找到保護平民和維護軍事利益的平衡點,對上述問題進行回答,最終實現(xiàn)法律對戰(zhàn)爭的規(guī)制。 人體盾牌應(yīng)分為兩類:自愿人體盾牌和非自愿的人體盾牌。并將這種二分法作為立論的基石。接著討論人盾使用方和應(yīng)對方在作戰(zhàn)方法上應(yīng)受到的限制,使用方應(yīng)當絕對禁止使用非自愿人體盾牌,即禁止強迫平民充當人盾。另一方面,武裝沖突的一方強迫平民掩護軍事目標構(gòu)成戰(zhàn)爭罪,武裝沖突另一方不得因為對方的違法行為,對非自愿人盾展開攻擊。 “直接參與敵對行動”的概念可以用來澄清人盾的法律地位;當人盾沒有直接參與敵對行動,應(yīng)當具有平民身份,免受軍事攻擊;相反,若直接參與了敵對行動,則喪失了作為平民免受攻擊的保護。5他們這種身份的界定,同樣還會影響區(qū)分原則,比例原則和以合理、謹慎的方法進行攻擊原則的適用,即應(yīng)對方應(yīng)禁止采用可以引起過度的附帶傷害的攻擊方法,并采取必要措施降低平民傷害。先賢孟子認為徒善不足以為政,徒法不足以自行,強調(diào)了法律從文本轉(zhuǎn)化為實踐的意義。既然國際法為使用方和應(yīng)對方設(shè)定了法定義務(wù),對法律義務(wù)的違反必然導(dǎo)致法律責(zé)任,這就要求以戰(zhàn)爭罪的形式來實現(xiàn)法律的價值。
[Abstract]:Human shield has become a widely used strategy in modern battlefield. However, there is no international treaty to regulate this issue. 1 is the use of human shield absolutely prohibited? If one party to an armed conflict uses a human shield, which constitutes a violation of international law, can the other party to the conflict attack the human shield without scruples? Are human shields civilians or combatants? After the capture of the human shield, does it have the status of a prisoner of war? (2) does the act of voluntary human shield constitute a war crime? Should they be brought before the International Criminal Court after their arrest, or should they be tried in accordance with domestic law? The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle once said: "the law is the embodiment of the gods and reason which exempts all the influence of desire." (3) Guan Zhong, the forerunner of our country, also said: "the law dictates that the officials and the people obey the rules of the law." 4 it can be seen. Law plays an important role in the regulation of human behavior. The war behavior which has serious impact on human life, of course, need to be regulated by law. This paper relies on the theory of international law. This paper discusses the blank field of human shield and tries to find a balance between protecting civilians and safeguarding military interests in law, and then answers the above questions, and finally realizes the regulation of war by law. Human shields should be divided into two categories: voluntary human shields and involuntary human shields. This dichotomy is regarded as the cornerstone of the argument. The user should absolutely prohibit the use of involuntary human shields, that is, forcing civilians to act as human shields... on the other hand, forcing civilians to cover military targets by a party to an armed conflict constitutes a war crime. The other party to the armed conflict shall not launch an attack against an involuntary human shield for the other party's violation. The concept of "direct participation in hostilities" could be used to clarify the legal status of human shields; When human shields are not directly involved in hostilities, they should have the status of civilians and be immune from military attacks; On the contrary, by taking a direct part in hostilities, the definition of their status as civilians protected from attack would be lost, as would the principle of distinction, the principle of proportionality and reasonableness. A prudent approach to the application of the principle of attack is that the other side should prohibit the use of attack methods that can cause excessive collateral damage and take necessary measures to reduce civilian harm. Since international law imposes legal obligations on both the user and the opposite party, the breach of the legal obligation will inevitably lead to legal liability. This requires the realization of the value of law in the form of war crimes.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D995;D998.2

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本文編號：1460511