本文選題：檢委會(huì) + 價(jià)值��； 參考：《西南政法大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：檢察委員會(huì)（下稱檢委會(huì)）制度是中國特色社會(huì)主義檢察制度的獨(dú)特創(chuàng)新，在檢察制度體系中居于重要地位。 隨著司法改革的深入推進(jìn)，對(duì)檢察制度的理論研究也越來越為學(xué)術(shù)界和實(shí)務(wù)部門所關(guān)注，但對(duì)檢委會(huì)制度的關(guān)注和研究卻并不多見，這與檢委會(huì)制度的地位和作用極不相稱。目前，對(duì)檢委會(huì)制度的理論研究存在研究態(tài)度保守、研究視野較窄、研究成果偏少以及客觀理性不夠等問題。研究內(nèi)容上也缺乏創(chuàng)新，一些片段式的研究往往淺嘗輒止，在某些問題的認(rèn)識(shí)上還未厘清甚至有誤；對(duì)檢委會(huì)制度的中國特色、基本屬性、價(jià)值定位、歷史流變、發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀、改革方向等問題沒有系統(tǒng)深入的論證梳理。在實(shí)踐層面，檢委會(huì)制度雖然在不斷發(fā)展演變，規(guī)范化建設(shè)成效明顯，但諸多深層次的問題并沒有被系統(tǒng)揭示和正確認(rèn)識(shí)，部分抵消了改革的實(shí)際效果。問題的繼續(xù)存在制約了檢委會(huì)制度功能作用的全面發(fā)揮，同時(shí)還讓人對(duì)司法公正、司法效率和司法權(quán)威等產(chǎn)生質(zhì)疑。 對(duì)檢委會(huì)制度進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)研究具有重要的理論價(jià)值和實(shí)踐意義。在理論層面，通過系統(tǒng)還原和深刻認(rèn)識(shí)檢委會(huì)制度，厘清相關(guān)問題，總結(jié)提煉規(guī)律，為制度的合理性、穩(wěn)定性和改革的必要性提供堅(jiān)實(shí)的理論依據(jù)，以基礎(chǔ)理論的建構(gòu)達(dá)到指導(dǎo)該制度改革實(shí)踐的目的。在實(shí)踐層面，通過針對(duì)性地揭示問題，分析問題，找準(zhǔn)檢委會(huì)制度改革的切入點(diǎn)，為檢委會(huì)制度的發(fā)展完善尤其是機(jī)制創(chuàng)新提出具可行性、操作性的方案或建設(shè)性意見。從大處講，甚至還可以透過檢委會(huì)制度，以小見大，發(fā)散審視整個(gè)檢察制度改革應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循的價(jià)值導(dǎo)向和基本規(guī)律。 全文除引言和結(jié)語外，共分五章，約17萬字。第一章研究檢委會(huì)制度的基本原理，第二章研究檢委會(huì)制度的歷史流變，第三章研究檢委會(huì)制度的運(yùn)行現(xiàn)狀與問題，第四章研究檢委會(huì)制度改革，第五章對(duì)檢委會(huì)制度的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)進(jìn)行預(yù)判。 第一章立足檢委會(huì)制度的基本原理，重點(diǎn)論證了檢委會(huì)制度的價(jià)值功能、檢委會(huì)制度的基本屬性、檢委會(huì)制度的理論基礎(chǔ)以及對(duì)司法群體決策模式進(jìn)行比較研究，回答我國檢委會(huì)制度的相關(guān)理論問題。概述部分主要介紹檢委會(huì)制度的概念、性質(zhì)、特點(diǎn)等。指出檢委會(huì)系在檢察長的主持下，討論決定重大案件和其他重大問題的內(nèi)部領(lǐng)導(dǎo)決策機(jī)構(gòu)；檢委會(huì)制度則是有關(guān)檢委會(huì)的組織形式、運(yùn)作機(jī)制和法律規(guī)范的總和。檢委會(huì)是一種極具中國特色的、以檢察長負(fù)責(zé)制為前提的集體領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)制和群體決策模式。接著介紹了現(xiàn)行檢委會(huì)的基本職能、結(jié)構(gòu)體系、運(yùn)作機(jī)制等。在檢委會(huì)制度的價(jià)值部分，指出檢委會(huì)制度是人民檢察制度發(fā)展的助推器，是檢察領(lǐng)導(dǎo)體制的必要補(bǔ)充，是司法民主的實(shí)現(xiàn)方式，是司法公正的有效保證，是檢察機(jī)關(guān)內(nèi)部監(jiān)督的重要途徑，是檢察機(jī)關(guān)實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)管理的平衡器。在檢委會(huì)制度的基本屬性部分，從實(shí)現(xiàn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、人民代表大會(huì)制度的政體、憲政安排等角度，論證了檢委會(huì)制度的政治屬性；從檢察機(jī)關(guān)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)體制和行政管理體制等角度，分析了檢委會(huì)制度的行政屬性；從檢察機(jī)關(guān)法律監(jiān)督機(jī)關(guān)的憲法定位、檢察權(quán)的司法權(quán)性質(zhì)、業(yè)務(wù)斷案須遵循司法規(guī)律等角度，論證了檢委會(huì)制度的司法屬性。在檢委會(huì)的制度依據(jù)部分，分別從歷史上的會(huì)審制度、黨的民主集中制組織原則、群體決策理論入手，闡述了檢委會(huì)制度的法律文化淵源、制度基礎(chǔ)和理論依據(jù)。并重點(diǎn)對(duì)群體決策的一般原理、特點(diǎn)、優(yōu)劣等進(jìn)行了分析評(píng)述。在相關(guān)制度的比較部分，列舉介紹了司法群體決策的國內(nèi)模式-審判委員會(huì)制度，以及司法群體決策的國外模式-審判類的陪審團(tuán)制度，檢察類的荷蘭、越南、前蘇聯(lián)等國的檢委會(huì)及類似組織。通過比較評(píng)述，指出我國檢委會(huì)制度與其他司法群體決策模式存在三個(gè)方面的區(qū)別，一是執(zhí)行民主集中制存在完全與否之分，功能上存在決策與咨詢之別，決策過程對(duì)司法親歷性的原則要求亦不相同。 第二章從檢委會(huì)制度的歷史流變?nèi)胧�，�?duì)檢委會(huì)制度的發(fā)展史進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)梳理，論證了檢委會(huì)制度的歷史必然性。指出我國檢委會(huì)制度緣起于蘇區(qū)工農(nóng)民主政權(quán)時(shí)期，進(jìn)一步實(shí)踐于抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期，初步確立于建國初期，直至1954年被正式系統(tǒng)建立。檢委會(huì)的稱謂在1930年代初的蘇維埃紅色政權(quán)下即已出現(xiàn)，當(dāng)時(shí)是指一級(jí)檢察機(jī)關(guān)或者履行專門檢察職能的臨時(shí)性檢察組織。1941年山東省抗日根據(jù)地設(shè)立的各級(jí)檢委會(huì)也是如此，指檢察機(jī)關(guān)的各級(jí)組織而非檢察機(jī)關(guān)內(nèi)部的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)決策機(jī)構(gòu)。因此，將檢委會(huì)的發(fā)展歷史僅追溯到山東抗日根據(jù)地時(shí)期的傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)是不準(zhǔn)確的。應(yīng)將黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的新民主主義革命時(shí)期，尤其是蘇維埃政權(quán)下的人民檢察制度初創(chuàng)時(shí)期和抗日民主政權(quán)時(shí)期視為檢委會(huì)制度的發(fā)端期和探索實(shí)踐期。雖然蘇區(qū)工農(nóng)民主政權(quán)時(shí)期與抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期的檢委會(huì)在性質(zhì)、組織和職能等方面與現(xiàn)行檢委會(huì)制度仍存在較大差異，但至少為建國后當(dāng)代檢委會(huì)制度的最終確立提供了實(shí)踐基礎(chǔ)和法律淵源。當(dāng)代檢委會(huì)制度正式確立以后，在各個(gè)歷史時(shí)期不斷發(fā)展演變。基本職能方面，檢委會(huì)的職能范圍經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)從較為廣泛宏觀，到逐漸調(diào)整細(xì)化，再到最終確定為以議決重大案件和其他重大問題為主的發(fā)展過程。決策機(jī)制方面，經(jīng)歷了從檢察長一長制向民主集中制發(fā)展演變的歷程，確立起了民主集中制的組織決策原則，司法屬性不斷得以強(qiáng)化。組織建設(shè)方面，檢委會(huì)委員的配置逐漸專業(yè)化，員額逐漸增多，決策輔助機(jī)構(gòu)建設(shè)亦不斷強(qiáng)化。 梳理完歷史，就檢委會(huì)制度的存廢之爭(zhēng)進(jìn)行了認(rèn)真審視。認(rèn)為檢委會(huì)制度的存廢之爭(zhēng)不論是從爭(zhēng)論范圍還是程度看，其影響遠(yuǎn)不如審判委員會(huì)的存廢之爭(zhēng)。但所引發(fā)的問題還是值得以辯證和實(shí)事求是的態(tài)度去關(guān)注和思考。指出片面廢除說不可取，檢委會(huì)制度應(yīng)當(dāng)保留，但在保留的前提下須著手改革完善，而廢除論者的合理理由可以為檢委會(huì)制度改革提供參考。本章最后得出結(jié)論，中國特色的檢委會(huì)制度經(jīng)歷了長期曲折的發(fā)展歷程，是歷史發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果；各個(gè)時(shí)期的檢委會(huì)制度的基本職能都圍繞著法律監(jiān)督這個(gè)核心，履行法律監(jiān)督職能是檢委會(huì)制度的根本立足點(diǎn)；檢委會(huì)制度的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展是歷史的必然，也是司法現(xiàn)代化的產(chǎn)物，檢委會(huì)制度在當(dāng)前仍有存在的現(xiàn)實(shí)合理性和必要性，而不斷改革調(diào)試是保持檢委會(huì)制度合理性和旺盛生命力的基本途徑。 第三章則立足基層檢委會(huì)工作實(shí)踐，揭示檢委會(huì)制度的運(yùn)行現(xiàn)狀與問題，進(jìn)而提出檢委會(huì)制度改革之必要性�；鶎訖z委會(huì)制度的生動(dòng)實(shí)踐為我們審視檢委會(huì)制度提供了較為確切的實(shí)證資料。從基層檢察機(jī)關(guān)的實(shí)踐來看，檢委會(huì)制度具有旺盛的生命力，制度內(nèi)涵豐富。不少檢察機(jī)關(guān)強(qiáng)化了檢委會(huì)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位和業(yè)務(wù)指導(dǎo)作用；強(qiáng)化議決重大案件，，注重發(fā)揮檢委會(huì)的司法功能；強(qiáng)化了接受黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、服務(wù)大局、維護(hù)穩(wěn)定的政治功能。各地檢察機(jī)關(guān)通過探索創(chuàng)新，在檢委會(huì)的功能定位、組織建設(shè)、會(huì)議制度等方面都摸索出不少有益經(jīng)驗(yàn)。如部分基層檢察機(jī)關(guān)拓寬了檢委會(huì)的業(yè)務(wù)指導(dǎo)范圍，組織建設(shè)上更加注重專業(yè)化。在會(huì)議制度方面，許多基層檢察機(jī)關(guān)圍繞司法的直接親歷原則，運(yùn)用現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)，對(duì)議案的審議方式、討論方式、表決方式等摸索創(chuàng)新了諸如閱卷、多媒體示證、質(zhì)辨式討論等不少好的做法。 檢委會(huì)制度的基層實(shí)踐讓我們進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí)到檢委會(huì)制度的重要地位和作用，同時(shí)也讓我們看到了檢委會(huì)制度的諸多不足：決策指導(dǎo)功能發(fā)揮不夠，如“重議案輕議事”、“重個(gè)案研究輕業(yè)務(wù)指導(dǎo)”、議案類型單邊、職能交叉的問題較為突出；組織建設(shè)不足，如委員的選任機(jī)制不完善、組成不規(guī)范、專業(yè)化年輕化不足、行政色彩較重，專委的職能不足或出現(xiàn)職能錯(cuò)位、辦事機(jī)構(gòu)職能發(fā)揮不夠、服務(wù)質(zhì)量不高等；在會(huì)議制度方面，存在決策的信息依據(jù)不充分、決策行政化、決策效率不高等問題以及執(zhí)行“雙過半”原則和列席制度等方面的困惑�；鶎訉�(shí)踐所反映出的問題有的屬現(xiàn)行法律規(guī)范層面的缺陷，有的屬實(shí)踐中執(zhí)行上的扭曲，還有的系制度本身帶來的問題。這些問題嚴(yán)重影響著檢委會(huì)制度功能的全面發(fā)揮，影響著檢委會(huì)的決策質(zhì)量、決策效率和決策權(quán)威。司法制度的生命在于不斷實(shí)踐和不斷革新。為克服檢委會(huì)制度存在的不足，保證檢委會(huì)制度繼續(xù)充分發(fā)揮其功能，必須進(jìn)行適當(dāng)改革。 按照邏輯順承，第四章重點(diǎn)討論了檢委會(huì)制度的改革完善。首先提出應(yīng)將檢委會(huì)制度改革的總體目標(biāo)應(yīng)當(dāng)設(shè)定為民主、科學(xué)、高效、權(quán)威。根據(jù)現(xiàn)實(shí)需要并結(jié)合可行性考慮，建議將民主和科學(xué)的目標(biāo)放在前，高效和權(quán)威的目標(biāo)置于后，循序漸進(jìn)，逐步推進(jìn)。即可先重點(diǎn)考慮在檢委會(huì)的組織建設(shè)、決策機(jī)制上下功夫，在上下級(jí)檢委會(huì)關(guān)系的協(xié)調(diào)上、配套機(jī)制的建設(shè)等問題上可再預(yù)留時(shí)間和空間。在改革基本思路的設(shè)計(jì)上，提出要注意系統(tǒng)性和完整性，完善檢委會(huì)制度的功能定位，從縱向體制的去行政化、決策機(jī)制的司法化、決策主體的專業(yè)化、決策責(zé)任的法定化以及配套機(jī)制的科學(xué)化等方面著手。就檢委會(huì)制度功能的應(yīng)然定位，提出當(dāng)前和今后一個(gè)時(shí)期，應(yīng)當(dāng)將決策、指導(dǎo)、監(jiān)督定位為檢委會(huì)制度的三大基本功能。其中決策功能是首要功能和直接功能，指導(dǎo)功能是延伸功能，但對(duì)指導(dǎo)功能應(yīng)予重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)化。檢委會(huì)制度的應(yīng)然功能決定著制度建設(shè)和改革的基本方向。 決策機(jī)制改革是檢委會(huì)制度改革的關(guān)鍵節(jié)點(diǎn)。改革應(yīng)首先從強(qiáng)化決策機(jī)制的司法屬性入手。針對(duì)決策機(jī)制存在的現(xiàn)實(shí)問題，對(duì)不完全民主集中制的決策原則進(jìn)行了反思，對(duì)司法直接親歷原則作了價(jià)值分析。在強(qiáng)化檢委會(huì)決策司法屬性的具體路徑上，建議借鑒吸納審判合議制與黨委票決制的合理內(nèi)核；保證委員的“民主”地位，嚴(yán)格檢察長的“集中”機(jī)制；強(qiáng)化直接親歷原則，推行閱卷式質(zhì)辯式議案方式；弱化縱向的行政審批，確立一級(jí)檢委會(huì)定案機(jī)制；建立并兌現(xiàn)責(zé)任機(jī)制，促進(jìn)司法公正。為解決檢委會(huì)司法能力不足的問題，提出必須強(qiáng)化檢委會(huì)的組織建設(shè)。建議規(guī)范檢委會(huì)委員的選任標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與選任程序，強(qiáng)化專職委員的職能作用，合理配置檢委會(huì)決策輔助機(jī)構(gòu)。對(duì)檢委會(huì)辦事機(jī)構(gòu)、專業(yè)研究小組、專家咨詢委員會(huì)等事務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)和智囊機(jī)構(gòu)的選任與職能發(fā)揮都分別提出了相關(guān)建議。本章還就規(guī)范檢委會(huì)工作程序如科學(xué)設(shè)定議題范圍、嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行議事規(guī)則、督促?zèng)Q定執(zhí)行以及加強(qiáng)信息化建設(shè)等進(jìn)行了探討。最后對(duì)配套機(jī)制如回避機(jī)制、列席機(jī)制等的改革完善作了專門論述。提出應(yīng)改革完善回避制度的啟動(dòng)程序和舉證責(zé)任，允許外部人員列席檢委會(huì)，強(qiáng)化檢察長列席審判委員會(huì)，增強(qiáng)檢委會(huì)制度的輻射功能。 在論文的第五章，對(duì)檢委會(huì)制度的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)作了適當(dāng)預(yù)判。首先以司法群體決策存在缺陷以及司法的相對(duì)獨(dú)立與高度專業(yè)化職業(yè)化趨勢(shì)為立論點(diǎn)，提出檢委會(huì)制度雖將在今后一個(gè)較長的時(shí)間范圍內(nèi)仍有其存在的合理價(jià)值，但功能的調(diào)整轉(zhuǎn)化與角色淡出是必然趨勢(shì)。就功能調(diào)整問題，建議順應(yīng)司法規(guī)律，在條件時(shí)機(jī)成熟時(shí)，可考慮保留指導(dǎo)、監(jiān)督功能，弱化決策功能，改決策為咨議，以克服檢委會(huì)制度的先天不足。隨著司法專業(yè)化和檢察職業(yè)化進(jìn)程不斷加快，檢委會(huì)制度在完成其使命后會(huì)逐步淡出歷史舞臺(tái)，職業(yè)檢察官的角色替代將成為必然。
[Abstract]:The procuratorial committee ( hereinafter referred to as the inspection committee ) system is the unique innovation of the socialism procuratorial system with Chinese characteristics , which is the important position in the system of procuratorial system .

With the deepening of judicial reform , the theoretical research on the procuratorial system is more and more concerned with the academic and substantive departments . However , the attention and the research of the inspection committee system are not enough . At present , there are some problems such as conservative attitude , narrow field of view , less research results and lack of objective reason .
At the practical level , the inspection committee system has not been disclosed and correctly recognized by the system , but many deep problems have not been revealed and correctly recognized by the system , partly offset the practical effect of the reform . The continuation of the problem also restricts the comprehensive play of the function of the inspection committee system , and also raises questions about the judicial fairness , judicial efficiency and judicial authority .

On the theoretical level , through systematic restoration and deep understanding of the inspection committee system , to clarify the relevant problems , to summarize the rules of refinement , to provide a solid theoretical basis for the rationality , stability and reform of the system .

In the first chapter , the basic principle of the inspection committee system is studied , the second chapter studies the historical changes of the inspection committee system , the third chapter studies the current situation and problems of the inspection committee system , the fourth chapter studies the reform of the inspection committee system , and the fifth chapter prejudges the development trend of the inspection committee system .

The first chapter is based on the basic principle of the inspection committee system , the basic attributes of the inspection committee system , the theoretical foundation of the inspection committee system and the comparative study on the judicial group decision - making model , and answers the relevant theoretical problems of the system of the inspection committee of our country .
The inspection committee system is the sum of the organization form , the operation mechanism and the legal norm of the inspection committee . The inspection committee is a kind of collective leadership mechanism and group decision - making mode based on the responsibility system of the attorney general . It also introduces the basic functions , structure system and operation mechanism of the inspection committee .
From the perspective of the leadership system and administrative system of the procuratorial organs , the administrative attributes of the inspection committee system are analyzed ;
From the perspective of the constitution , the nature of the judicial power of the procuratorial organs , the nature of the judicial power of the procuratorial power and the law of judicial supervision , the judicial properties of the inspection committee system are expounded . The general principles , characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of the system of the inspection committee are discussed in the comparative part of the relevant system .

In the second chapter , the historical development history of the inspection committee system is systematically reviewed and the historical inevitability of the inspection committee system is discussed .

This chapter concludes that the system of inspection committee with Chinese characteristics has experienced a long - term and tortuous development process , which is the inevitable result of historical development .
The basic function of the inspection committee system in each period is around the core of law supervision , and the function of legal supervision is the fundamental foothold of the inspection committee system ;
The emergence and development of the inspection committee system is the necessity of the history and the product of judicial modernization . The inspection committee system still has realistic rationality and necessity in the present , and the continuous reform and debugging is the basic way to maintain the rationality and vigorous vitality of the inspection committee system .

In the third chapter , based on the practice of the grass - roots inspection committee , the paper reveals the present situation and the problems of the inspection committee system , and then puts forward the necessity of the reform of the inspection committee system . The vivid practice of the system of the grass - roots inspection committee provides more accurate empirical data for our examination of the inspection committee system . From the practice of the grass - roots procuratorial organs , the system of the inspection committee has vigorous vitality and rich system connotation .
Strengthening the decision - making major cases , focusing on the judicial function of the inspection committee ;
The procuratorial organs at the grass - roots level have expanded the scope of the inspection committee ' s functions , organization and construction , meeting system and so on .

The grass - roots practice of the inspection committee system makes us further realize the important position and function of the inspection committee system , and also makes us see the deficiencies of the inspection committee system : the decision - making guidance function is not enough , such as the " light negotiation of the bill " , the " light business instruction of the case study " , the unilateral and functional cross - cutting issues of the bill of motion ;
Inadequate organization construction , such as incomplete selection mechanism , inadequate composition , lack of specialization , less administrative color , inadequate functions of the commission or malposition of functions , inadequate functions of offices , poor quality of service , etc .
In the aspect of conference system , there are some problems in decision making , such as insufficient information , administrative decision - making , low efficiency of decision - making and the implementation of the principle of " double and semi - half " and the system of representation . The problems which are reflected in the practice of grass - roots level are the shortcomings of the current legal norm , and the problems which are caused by the system itself . These problems seriously affect the decision - making quality , decision - making efficiency and decision - making authority of the inspection committee . The life of the judicial system lies in the continuous practice and innovation . In order to overcome the shortcomings of the inspection committee system , it is necessary to carry out the appropriate reform .

According to the logic sequence , the fourth chapter focuses on the reform and improvement of the inspection committee system . First , it puts forward that the overall goal of the reform of the inspection committee should be set to be democratic , scientific , efficient and authoritative .

The reform of the decision - making mechanism is the key node of the reform of the inspection committee system . The reform should begin with the strengthening of the judicial attribute of the decision - making mechanism . On the basis of the practical problems existing in the decision - making mechanism , the principle of decision - making is analyzed .
To guarantee the " democracy " status of the members and the " concentration " mechanism of the procuratorial organs ;
To strengthen the principle of direct personal calendar , and carry out the way of reviewing the type of document ;
Weakening the longitudinal administrative examination and approval , establishing the mechanism of the first - level inspection committee ;
In order to solve the problem of insufficient judicial capacity of the inspection committee , it is proposed to strengthen the organization construction of the inspection committee . It is recommended to standardize the selection criteria and optional procedures of the members of the inspection committee , strengthen the functions of the full - time members and rationally configure the decision - making subsidiary organs of the inspection committee .

In the fifth chapter of the thesis , the development trend of the inspection committee system is properly prejudged . First , based on the defects of the judicial group decision - making and the relative independence of the judiciary and the trend of highly specialized professionalism , it is inevitable that the system of the inspection committee will still have the reasonable value in the future , but the adjustment and transformation of the function and the role fade are inevitable . With the rapid development of the judicial specialization and the process of the procuratorial work , the system of the inspection committee will gradually fade out of the historical stage after the completion of its mission , and the role of the professional prosecutor will become inevitable .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D926.3

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