本文選題：形式正義　切入點：正當判決　出處：《中國政法大學》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：司法裁判實踐中,正義是法律的崇高理想和不懈追求的目標,人們期望正義統(tǒng)治著法律并通過它法律統(tǒng)治著社會生活,但是法律有正義與不正義之分,正義有形式正義和實質(zhì)正義之分,而形式正義又有公民普遍遵守上的正義和法院判決中的正義,本文主要論述判決中的形式正義。文章先不預設(shè)現(xiàn)成的定義,而是力圖從法的歷史發(fā)展、法的本質(zhì)以及法治向司法的轉(zhuǎn)變來考察形式正義的理論淵源,并結(jié)合已有的研究基礎(chǔ),較全面地給出了判決形式正義的三層含義:①嚴格適用法律規(guī)則,這里的規(guī)則既有實體法規(guī)則又有程序法規(guī)則,所以第一層含義包括程序正義;②同樣案件相同處理,法院將法律規(guī)則平等地、一貫地適用于不同的人、同樣的案件,公眾可以通過法律的明確規(guī)定預見個人行為的法律后果;③適用關(guān)于法律規(guī)則的規(guī)則,當法律沒有明文規(guī)定或已有的規(guī)則嚴重違反正義從而不能適用時,要適用法律原則或權(quán)威性法律理念等對規(guī)則進行補救,即在法律的框架內(nèi)作出裁判,而不能適用法外的標準。 文章第一部分對形式正義的內(nèi)涵進行了理論探究。從法的歷史發(fā)展角度闡明,法律所維護的正義是普遍性、平等性和確定性的正義;司法所能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)的正義是法律本身的正義,即“法治正義”。對國外形式正義的學說進行了部分梳理,主要分析了韋伯、佩雷爾曼和羅爾斯的理論;指出了國內(nèi)形式正義問題的研究不足:一是內(nèi)涵的不完備性,二是司法地位的爭議性;最后給出了本文判決的形式正義的內(nèi)涵。 第二部分總結(jié)了形式正義的幾項準則,即邏輯準則:從規(guī)則出發(fā)的演繹邏輯和對規(guī)則解釋的一致性要求;程序準則:指出正當程序的具體要求和遵守這項準則的積極意義;可普遍化準則:相同案件相同處理;經(jīng)驗準則:經(jīng)驗法則對法官自由裁量權(quán)的限制。 第三部分論述形式正義之于正當判決的意義。首先,分析了正當判決首先要實現(xiàn)形式正義的理論基礎(chǔ):一是采用“拉德布魯赫公式”,即實證法具有優(yōu)先地位,說明維護法律的確定性是法律思維的根基;二是正當判決必須遵守合法性原則;三是判決堅持形式正義使法具有可預期性。其次,指出判決的形式正義有不足,但因形式正義與法治一脈相承的關(guān)系,法治對其不足給予了寬容,尤其是審判中當形式正義與實質(zhì)正義相沖突時,法治要求實質(zhì)正義作出妥協(xié)。 第四部分論述了形式正義在我國審判中如何實現(xiàn)的問題。首先,結(jié)合案例具體指出我國司法審判存在的違反形式正義的兩種傾向:一是重“理”輕“法”;二是重實體輕程序。其次,提出了判決形式正義在我國審判中實現(xiàn)的三個建議(以保證其實現(xiàn)的可能性):“法官除了法律沒有別的上司”;促進職業(yè)法律家的形成;加強對司法權(quán)的制約和監(jiān)督。最后闡述判決形式正義的實現(xiàn)對建設(shè)社會主義法治國家的意義。
[Abstract]:In the practice of judicial adjudication, justice is the lofty ideal and unremitting goal of law. People expect justice to rule the law and rule social life through its law, but the law is divided into justice and injustice. Justice can be divided into formal justice and substantive justice, and formal justice is generally observed by citizens and justice in court judgment. This paper mainly discusses formal justice in judgment. Instead, it tries to examine the theoretical origin of formal justice from the historical development of law, the essence of law and the transition from the rule of law to justice, and combines the existing research basis. In a more comprehensive way, the three-layer meaning of judgment form justice: 1 is strictly applicable to the rules of law. The rules here include both substantive law rules and procedural law rules, so the first level of meaning includes procedural justice and the same treatment of cases. The Court applies the rule of law equally and consistently to different persons, and in the same case, the public can foresee the legal consequences of an individual's act through a clear provision of law. When the law does not explicitly stipulate or the existing rules seriously violate justice and can not be applied, we should apply the principle of law or authoritative legal idea to remedy the rules, that is, to make a decision within the framework of the law, but not to apply the extra-legal standard. In the first part of the article, the connotation of formal justice is theoretically explored. From the perspective of the historical development of law, the justice maintained by law is universal, equal and deterministic justice. The justice that can be realized by the judiciary is the justice of the law itself, that is, the justice of the rule of law. This part combs the theories of foreign formal justice, mainly analyzes the theories of Weber, Perelman and Rawls; The author points out the lack of research on formal justice in China: firstly, the incompleteness of connotation, secondly, the controversy of judicial status, and finally, the connotation of formal justice in this article. The second part summarizes several principles of formal justice, namely, logical criterion: deductive logic from rules and consistent requirements for interpretation of rules, procedural norms: pointing out the specific requirements of due process and the positive significance of adhering to this criterion; The rule of thumb: the rule of thumb limits the judge's discretion. The third part discusses the significance of formal justice to proper judgment. Firstly, it analyzes the theoretical basis of the realization of formal justice in proper judgment. It shows that maintaining the certainty of law is the foundation of legal thinking; second, the legitimate judgment must abide by the principle of legality; third, the judgment insists on formal justice to make the law predictable. Secondly, it points out that the formal justice of judgment is inadequate. However, due to the relationship between formal justice and the rule of law, the rule of law gives tolerance to its shortcomings, especially when formal justice and substantive justice conflict in the trial, the rule of law requires a compromise of substantive justice. Part 4th discusses how to realize formal justice in China. First of all, Combined with the case, the author points out two kinds of tendencies of violating formal justice in our country's judicial trial: one is to attach importance to "principle", the other is to attach importance to substance and procedure. This paper puts forward three suggestions on the realization of judgment form justice in the trial of our country (in order to ensure the possibility of its realization: "the judge has no other superior than the law"; Finally, it expounds the significance of the realization of judgment form justice to the construction of socialist country ruled by law.
【學位授予單位】：中國政法大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D915.182;D916.2

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