本文關(guān)鍵詞： 鄉(xiāng)村人民法庭 國家建設(shè) 兩便原則 司法地方化 司法行政化　出處：《武漢大學(xué)》2011年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：本文以民族國家建設(shè)理論為視角,通過對我國國家建設(shè)歷史的描述來解釋司法制度,尤其是鄉(xiāng)村人民法庭制度的運(yùn)作方式以及存在問題的原因。除引言外,全文分五章(主體部分)及結(jié)論共六個部分,其基本內(nèi)容概述如下： 第一章主要介紹民族國家建設(shè)理論以及學(xué)者們運(yùn)用該理論對我國國家政權(quán)建設(shè)實(shí)踐所作的解釋,以及對該理論發(fā)展所作的努力。從民族國家建設(shè)理論及我國國家建設(shè)歷程中可以看出,鄉(xiāng)村人民法庭與國家政權(quán)的建設(shè)密切相關(guān)。在目前,國家政權(quán)建設(shè)面臨著主題的更新,即應(yīng)以法治來建構(gòu)國家政權(quán)合法性。相應(yīng)地鄉(xiāng)村人民法庭的任務(wù)或者職能定位應(yīng)是：切實(shí)為農(nóng)民的權(quán)利提供充分的司法救濟(jì),以此強(qiáng)化農(nóng)民對國家權(quán)威的認(rèn)同和忠誠,從而鞏固國家政權(quán)的合法性基礎(chǔ)。 在第二章,論文從鄉(xiāng)村人民法庭“兩便原則”中的兩個方面：方便群眾訴訟和方便法院審判,來考察司法制度發(fā)展的不同階段,并認(rèn)為：僅在特定的歷史時期,兩便原則的兩個方面得以統(tǒng)一,在其他時期,尤其是自改革開放以來,兩便原則的兩個方面并不能完全統(tǒng)一。更多的情況是方便了群眾訴訟,但不能方便法院審判；或者方便了法院審判,卻給群眾訴訟增加了訟累。八十年代末以來的以司法現(xiàn)代化為朝向的司法改革在某種程度上方便了法院審判,但造成了群眾訴訟的不便。而“三個至上”原則的提出,以及鄉(xiāng)村人民法庭巡回審判和司法調(diào)解等制度、措施再度受到重視,意味著司法制度又朝向方便群眾訴訟方向回歸。 第三章從鄉(xiāng)村人民法庭履行其公民權(quán)利保護(hù)職能的主要途徑角度來討論司法調(diào)解在鄉(xiāng)村人民法庭實(shí)踐中的意義。本章從法律本身的不足以及司法制度的缺陷兩個方面來解釋為什么司法調(diào)解在鄉(xiāng)村人民法庭的的司法實(shí)踐中具有強(qiáng)大生命力。由于農(nóng)民政治參與的渠道較少,他們的利益訴求并不能及時和充分地反映到立法過程中,由此導(dǎo)致出臺的法律法規(guī)未能得到農(nóng)民的認(rèn)同,并在執(zhí)行和適用過程中遇到來自于鄉(xiāng)村社會的阻力。復(fù)雜的司法程序在一定程度上加大了農(nóng)民的訴訟成本,影響其獲得權(quán)利救濟(jì)。司法調(diào)解可以避免不受農(nóng)民認(rèn)同的法律得到適用和嚴(yán)格司法程序給當(dāng)事人帶來的不便,因而事實(shí)上改變了糾紛解決的準(zhǔn)則,也因此使得司法調(diào)解制度承擔(dān)著吸納民意和整合利益的政治功能。但司法調(diào)解的政治功能也會導(dǎo)致司法結(jié)果的非確定性和不可預(yù)期性。其根本的解決途徑在于我國農(nóng)民政治參與制度的完善和政治市場的成熟。 第四章討論鄉(xiāng)村人民法庭的司法“地方化”問題�；鶎铀痉ㄖ贫取暗胤交笔撬痉ㄖ贫鹊淖钪饕“Y,其原因在于國家政權(quán)建設(shè)進(jìn)程中中央與地方分權(quán)的非制度化。中央向地方分權(quán),但卻沒有相應(yīng)有效的審查和監(jiān)督機(jī)制來控制地方政權(quán)為了自身利益而違反中央法律,侵犯農(nóng)民權(quán)利。而司法機(jī)關(guān)歸屬于地方管理,限制了司法機(jī)關(guān)為農(nóng)民權(quán)利提供保護(hù)和救濟(jì),反而服務(wù)于地方利益。司法制度去“地方化”改革必須與現(xiàn)有的中央地方分權(quán)制度相匹配,可行的途徑在于建立中央與地方兩級司法體制,讓身處基層的農(nóng)民可以申請中央司法機(jī)關(guān)來保護(hù)其法律賦予的權(quán)利。中央司法機(jī)關(guān)通過法律手段來對地方司法機(jī)關(guān)進(jìn)行監(jiān)督,進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)中央對地方的監(jiān)控。 第五章討論鄉(xiāng)村人民法庭的司法“行政化”問題。論文認(rèn)為,目前司法制度中存在的種種行政化現(xiàn)象在很大程度上是過去的國家政權(quán)建設(shè)階段中實(shí)行“以行政權(quán)主導(dǎo),以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心”模式的副產(chǎn)品。行政權(quán)主導(dǎo)國家經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)導(dǎo)致了國家權(quán)力運(yùn)作的行政化模式,也導(dǎo)致司法權(quán)對行政權(quán)的依附,因而不利于公民權(quán)利的保護(hù)和救濟(jì)。司法制度的行政化問題和地方化問題是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的,因此,司法制度的去行政化改革應(yīng)是在尊重地方權(quán)力的基礎(chǔ)上,改變司法機(jī)關(guān)對行政機(jī)關(guān)的依附狀態(tài),讓司法機(jī)關(guān)回復(fù)其權(quán)利救濟(jì)的本來面目。
[Abstract]:In this paper, the construction of a national state from the perspective of the theory to explain the history of the national judicial system through the construction of our country is described, especially the rural people's court system operation and problems. In addition to the introduction, this thesis is divided into five chapters (main part) is divided into six parts and conclusion, the basic contents are summarized as follows:
The first chapter mainly introduces the national construction theory and the scholars use the theory of state power construction of our country and its efforts to explain the theory of development. From the national construction theory and our country construction process can be seen in the construction of rural people's court and the state power in the closely related. At present, the state construction faces the theme of the update, which should be the construction of state regime legitimacy the rule of law. Accordingly, rural people's court task or function positioning should is to provide adequate judicial relief to the rights of farmers, farmers in order to strengthen the authority of the state of identity and loyalty, so as to consolidate the legitimacy of the state the regime.
In the second chapter, the thesis from two aspects of rural people's courts "two principles": to facilitate the masses litigation and convenient court trial, to examine the different stages of development of the judicial system, and that only in the specific historical period, the two aspects of the two principles are unified, in other times, especially since the reform and opening up since the complete reunification of two principles of the two aspects can not. The situation is more convenient for the masses litigation, but not easy to court; or convenient court, but to increase the public litigation litigation tired. Since the end of the 80s to the judicial modernization for the judicial reform towards the convenience of the trial court to a certain extent, but the inconvenience caused by the masses litigation. And the "three first" principle is put forward, and the rural people's Court of assize and judicial mediation system, measures of attention again, means of Justice The system will return to the convenience of the masses.
The third chapter point main way to protect the rights of citizens to fulfill its functions from the rural people's court to discuss the significance of judicial mediation in rural people's court practice. This chapter from the two aspects of defects lack of law itself and the judicial system to explain why judicial mediation has strong vitality in the judicial practice of the rural people's court. Due to the farmers the political participation channels and their interests and can not be timely and adequately reflected in the legislative process, resulting in the introduction of laws and regulations to the identity of the farmers, and in the implementation and application process encountered from rural social resistance. Complicated judicial process to increase the farmer's litigation cost to a certain extent the effect, to obtain the right to relief. The judicial mediation can be avoided by farmers identity laws and strict judicial procedures for bring to the party The inconvenience, so the fact that the changes of the dispute settlement rules, so the judicial mediation system undertakes the function of political integration and to attract the public interests. But the uncertainty of the political function of judicial mediation will lead to the judicial result and unpredictability. The fundamental solution lies in the Chinese peasants' political participation system perfect the market and political maturity.
The fourth chapter discusses the rural people's Court Judicial "localization". Grassroots judicial system of "localization" is the most important condition of the judicial system, the reason is that the non institutionalized state regime construction in central and local government. The central to the local authority, but there is no corresponding effective examination and supervision mechanism to control the place the regime for their own interests and in violation of the central law, violations of the rights of farmers. And the judicial authority vested in local management, restrict the judicial organs to provide protection and remedies for the rights of farmers, but the service to the local interests. The judicial system reform to "localization" must be matched with the existing central local decentralization system, feasible way is to establish a central two level and local judicial system, so that farmers can apply in the grassroots central judicial organs to protect their legal rights. The central judicial organ by law The law means to supervise the local judicial organs, and then to realize the central supervision of the local authorities.
The fifth chapter discusses the "judicial administration" of rural people's court. The various administrative phenomena existing in the judicial system to a great extent, is the last stage in the construction of state power with the implementation of the administrative power leading, taking economic construction as the by-product of center "mode. The administrative power to dominate the national economy construction cause the administrative mode of state power operation, also led to the judicial rights attached to the executive power, it is adverse to the protection of citizen rights and remedies. The administrative problems and localization of the judicial system are interrelated, therefore, the judicial system to administrative reform should be based on respect for local power, change depending on the state judicial organs administrative organs, judicial organs to reply the relief of the right as it is.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D926.2

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