【摘要】：槍支泛濫給美國社會帶來了許多嚴(yán)重的問題,美國涉槍犯罪率和自殺率在工業(yè)國家中一直高居榜首。為了應(yīng)對槍支問題,美國主要采取了以下措施:對槍支制造行業(yè)實(shí)行許可制度,通過不定期檢查、提高準(zhǔn)入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等途徑對槍支制造商進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格管理;通過嚴(yán)禁槍支郵寄、要求在槍支上印刻槍支序列號等途徑管理槍支運(yùn)輸;規(guī)定背景檢查制度,嚴(yán)格限制持槍人員范圍;加強(qiáng)槍支進(jìn)口管理,防止國外非法槍支走私入境;查處國內(nèi)非法制造槍支、彈藥的工廠,減少黑槍支數(shù)量;加強(qiáng)各部門配合力度和信息共享、加強(qiáng)槍支管理力度;鼓勵槍支協(xié)會加強(qiáng)槍支知識培訓(xùn)和槍支行業(yè)監(jiān)督等行為等。雖然沒能完全解決槍支問題,美國的槍支管理法仍然取得了顯著的效果。 世界各國針對槍支問題的基本做法主要有二種,即禁槍和控槍。美國是典型的控槍國家。為了嚴(yán)格控制槍支,美國進(jìn)行了大量槍支管理立法。美國的槍支管理法分為兩個層次:聯(lián)邦立法和州立法。聯(lián)邦立法在全國范圍內(nèi)都有效,其主要規(guī)定了槍支管理最基本的原則和單一的州立法無法涉及的問題,如跨州或跨國槍支運(yùn)輸和銷售。聯(lián)邦立法中,涉及槍支管理的最重要法是美國憲法,美國憲法第二條修正案第一次也是最權(quán)威的規(guī)定了公民的持槍權(quán)。此外,其他重要的法還有1934年《全國槍支法》、1938年《聯(lián)邦槍支法》、1968年《槍支管理法》、1993年《布雷迪槍支管理法》、1994年《暴力犯罪控制與法律執(zhí)行法》和1996年《家庭暴力犯罪者槍支禁止法》等。除了聯(lián)邦槍支管理立法,各州也分別制定有相互獨(dú)立的法管理本州,有時州與州之間的法差異很大。美國的這些槍支法共同構(gòu)成了美國槍支法體系,它們對減少美國槍支犯罪、保障社會穩(wěn)定、維護(hù)公民人身、財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)利都起到了重要作用。 最后,筆者對中國有代表性的《槍支管理法》進(jìn)行了研究,分析并指出了以《槍支管理法》主旨、結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容所存在的缺陷。然后筆者在對美國槍支管理法綜合評價(jià)的基礎(chǔ)上,取其精華,去其糟粕,試圖將其中對中國有借鑒意義的內(nèi)容運(yùn)用到中國的槍支立法改進(jìn)工作當(dāng)中。
[Abstract]:The proliferation of guns has brought a lot of serious problems to American society. The crime rate and suicide rate in the United States have always been the highest in industrial countries. In order to deal with the problem of firearms, the United States has mainly taken the following measures: to implement the licensing system for the firearms manufacturing industry, to strictly regulate the gun manufacturers by means of irregular inspection and improvement of access standards; By strictly prohibiting the mailing of firearms, requiring the printing of the serial number of firearms on the guns and other means to regulate the transportation of firearms; stipulating the background check system, strictly restricting the scope of the armed persons; strengthening the control of the import of firearms and preventing the smuggling of foreign illegal firearms into the country; We will investigate and deal with factories that manufacture firearms and ammunition illegally in China and reduce the number of black guns; strengthen coordination and information sharing among various departments and strengthen gun management; and encourage gun associations to strengthen their activities such as gun knowledge training and gun industry supervision. Although the issue of firearms has not been fully addressed, the United States gun control law has achieved significant results. There are two basic methods to deal with the problem of firearms in the world, that is, the prohibition of firearms and the control of guns. The United States is a typical gun-control country. In order to strictly control firearms, the United States has a large number of gun control legislation. There are two levels of gun law in the United States: federal legislation and state legislation. Federal legislation, which is effective throughout the country, mainly sets out the most basic principles of gun control and issues that cannot be covered by a single state legislation, such as the transportation and sale of firearms across states or across borders. In federal legislation, the most important law involved in gun control is the United States Constitution, the second Amendment to the United States Constitution is the first and most authoritative regulation of the right to gun. Other important laws are the National Firearms Act of 1934, the Federal Firearms Act of 1938, the Firearms Control Act of 1968, the Brady Firearms Act of 1993, The violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 1994 and the domestic violence offenders Gun Prohibition Act, 1996, etc. In addition to federal gun legislation, states also have separate laws governing their own states, sometimes varying greatly from state to state. These gun laws form the American gun law system, and they play an important role in reducing gun crime, safeguarding social stability, safeguarding citizens' personal and property rights. Finally, the author makes a study on the representative gun management law in China, analyzes and points out the defects of the gist, structure and content of the firearms management law. Then on the basis of the comprehensive evaluation of the American gun control law, the author takes the essence of it and discards the dross, and tries to apply the content of reference to China to the improvement of China's gun legislation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：D971.2;D922.14

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本文編號：2339071