敦煌吐魯番出土遺囑探析
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-26 15:01
【摘要】： 遺囑是立囑人臨終前,在繼承人和證人面前所立下的,關(guān)于分配自己或家庭財(cái)產(chǎn)的契約文書。敦煌吐魯番出土的遺囑文書內(nèi)容十分豐富,包含了遺囑訂立的日期、立囑原因、立囑人、繼承人、遺產(chǎn)、立囑人的要求、繼承人違約懲罰、證人以及當(dāng)事人簽押等九個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容,這些內(nèi)容涉及到財(cái)產(chǎn)分配及繼承關(guān)系、家庭關(guān)系、社會關(guān)系等多種情況。不同時(shí)代、不同地區(qū)、不同民族的遺囑既有各自的特色,在格式和內(nèi)容上又有許多相似之處。本文試圖通過列表,分析所收集到的遺囑的格式和內(nèi)容,研究遺囑形式內(nèi)容演變的年代特征,通過比較研究,找出其中蘊(yùn)藏著的當(dāng)?shù)氐哪承┼l(xiāng)規(guī)民約,并由此了解內(nèi)地和邊疆地區(qū)的聯(lián)系。 本文主要包含了五個(gè)部分的內(nèi)容: 第一部分是前言,主要闡述了遺囑的定義和內(nèi)容,并交待了本文所用材料的年代及出處,敘述了遺囑的研究狀況,前人研究中的問題以及本文的研究意義。 第二部分是遺囑格式的研究,主要包括三個(gè)層次的內(nèi)容。首先,筆者通過列表簡單介紹本文所用的材料;再按照一篇最完整的遺囑格式來列表,將18篇遺囑的格式代入表中,由此可以看出,一篇漢代的遺囑已經(jīng)基本成型了,但是直至隋唐,日期條款的位置還不固定,一些條款也時(shí)有時(shí)無,直到五代以后,遺囑的格式才完全固定成熟。最后,筆者分析了遺囑格式的年代演變及其原因。 第三部分是遺囑的內(nèi)容研究。筆者將完整遺囑所包含的九個(gè)內(nèi)容分成七個(gè)層次,對18篇遺囑列表進(jìn)行研究。第一層是遺囑的日期研究。遺囑中紀(jì)日期的方式主要包含帝王年號紀(jì)年、干支紀(jì)年、混合紀(jì)年以及回鶻文中的十二生肖紀(jì)年;第二層是立囑原因研究。立囑的原因大多包含兩個(gè)方面:立囑人恐年老病弱不久于人世,對身后事做交待以及立囑人恐死后親屬爭財(cái),故以法律形式來保障遺囑的執(zhí)行;第三層是遺囑當(dāng)事人的研究。在這一層里又將當(dāng)事人細(xì)分為三小層進(jìn)行研究,即:立遺囑人、繼承人以及證人研究。通過列表分析可以看出:立囑人一般都是家庭中的男性家長以及僧尼這類出家人;世俗家庭中的繼承人大多是立囑人的親屬,包括他們的子女、兄弟、侄甥、妻妾等;出家人的繼承人范圍較廣,不但包括了俗家親屬,還包括了寺院和同一寺院的僧侶,但大多是留給了俗家的親族。這里,筆者還分析了女子的繼承問題;證人大多是立囑人的親屬和具有官方身份的人員,回鶻文遺囑中的證人還包括了僧侶和神話中的神;第四層是遺產(chǎn)研究。這里主要研究遺產(chǎn)的種類以及僧尼財(cái)產(chǎn)等問題;第五層是立囑人要求研究。立囑人對繼承人和其他親族的要求大多是不要爭產(chǎn),也有限制妻子改嫁的要求;第六層是違約懲罰研究,主要包括精神懲罰、物質(zhì)懲罰以及官罰;第七層是當(dāng)事人署名及印記研究,主要包括花押、指節(jié)線、掌印、簽字和印章。 第四部分主要是通過對前兩個(gè)部分的研究,探索遺囑格式與內(nèi)容中包含的某些鄉(xiāng)規(guī)民約,進(jìn)而分析邊疆地區(qū)與內(nèi)地的聯(lián)系。在格式上,筆者主要從日期位置的格式、遺囑合法性證明的格式套語以及“一式兩份”格式來探索當(dāng)?shù)禺?dāng)時(shí)的一些鄉(xiāng)規(guī)民約以及邊疆與內(nèi)地的聯(lián)系;在內(nèi)容上,筆者主要從第三部分研究中的九個(gè)層次的內(nèi)容出發(fā),分別就18篇遺囑進(jìn)行研究,分析內(nèi)地、敦煌、吐魯番遺囑在內(nèi)容的區(qū)別和聯(lián)系,探討當(dāng)?shù)氐泥l(xiāng)規(guī)民約及邊疆與內(nèi)地的聯(lián)系。 第五部分為本文的結(jié)語,對本文的研究內(nèi)容作一個(gè)小結(jié)。
[Abstract]:A testament is a testamentary written before the testator's death in front of the heirs and witnesses concerning the distribution of his or her own family property. There are nine aspects of the signature and mortgage of the party concerned, which involve the distribution of property and inheritance, family relations, social relations and so on. The wills of different ages, regions and nationalities have their own characteristics, and have many similarities in form and content. Format and content, study the age characteristics of the evolution of testamentary form and content, find out some local rules and regulations through comparative study, and understand the relationship between inland and border areas.
This article mainly includes five parts:
The first part is the preface, which mainly expounds the definition and content of testament, tells the date and origin of the materials used in this paper, describes the research status of testament, the problems in previous studies and the significance of this study.
The second part is the study of testamentary form, mainly including three levels of content. First of all, the author briefly introduces the materials used in this paper through a list; then according to the most complete form of the testament to list, 18 will format into the table, it can be seen that a Han Dynasty will has been basically formed, but until the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Japan. The position of the term clause is not fixed, and some clauses are sometimes absent. It was not until the Five Dynasties that the form of the will was fully fixed and mature.
The third part is the content of the testament.The author divides the nine contents of the complete Testament into seven levels and studies the list of 18 testaments.The first level is the date of the testament. The reason of making a will mostly includes two aspects: the testator is afraid of old age, sickness and shortly after death, and the testator is afraid of death after relatives contend for money, so to protect the execution of the will in the form of law; the third layer is the study of the testator. In this layer, the parties are divided into three sub-levels. Research, that is, testator, heir and witness research. From the list analysis, we can see: the testator is generally male parents in the family and monks and nuns such as monks and nuns; secular family heirs are mostly relatives of the testator, including their children, brothers, nephews, wives and concubines; the scope of the heirs of the family is wider, not only Here, the author also analyzes the issue of women's inheritance; witnesses are mostly relatives of the testator and those with official status; witnesses in Uighur testaments include monks and mythological gods; and the fourth is heritage research. The fifth layer is the testator's requirement for research. The testator's requirement for heirs and other relatives is mostly not to fight for property, but also to restrict the remarriage of wives. The sixth layer is the study of breach of contract punishment, mainly including spiritual punishment, material punishment and official punishment. The seventh layer is the matter. The study of signature and imprint mainly includes the pledge, the knuckle line, the handprint, the signature and the seal.
The fourth part is mainly through the study of the first two parts, to explore the form and content of the testament contained in some of the township conventions, and then analyze the relationship between the border areas and the mainland. In the content, the author mainly studies 18 testaments from the nine levels of the third part, analyzes the differences and connections among the contents of the testaments of the Mainland, Dunhuang and Turpan, and explores the local rules and regulations and the relations between the frontier and the Mainland.
The fifth part is the conclusion of this article, and makes a brief summary of the research content of this article.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：D929;D923.5
本文編號：2205233
[Abstract]:A testament is a testamentary written before the testator's death in front of the heirs and witnesses concerning the distribution of his or her own family property. There are nine aspects of the signature and mortgage of the party concerned, which involve the distribution of property and inheritance, family relations, social relations and so on. The wills of different ages, regions and nationalities have their own characteristics, and have many similarities in form and content. Format and content, study the age characteristics of the evolution of testamentary form and content, find out some local rules and regulations through comparative study, and understand the relationship between inland and border areas.
This article mainly includes five parts:
The first part is the preface, which mainly expounds the definition and content of testament, tells the date and origin of the materials used in this paper, describes the research status of testament, the problems in previous studies and the significance of this study.
The second part is the study of testamentary form, mainly including three levels of content. First of all, the author briefly introduces the materials used in this paper through a list; then according to the most complete form of the testament to list, 18 will format into the table, it can be seen that a Han Dynasty will has been basically formed, but until the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Japan. The position of the term clause is not fixed, and some clauses are sometimes absent. It was not until the Five Dynasties that the form of the will was fully fixed and mature.
The third part is the content of the testament.The author divides the nine contents of the complete Testament into seven levels and studies the list of 18 testaments.The first level is the date of the testament. The reason of making a will mostly includes two aspects: the testator is afraid of old age, sickness and shortly after death, and the testator is afraid of death after relatives contend for money, so to protect the execution of the will in the form of law; the third layer is the study of the testator. In this layer, the parties are divided into three sub-levels. Research, that is, testator, heir and witness research. From the list analysis, we can see: the testator is generally male parents in the family and monks and nuns such as monks and nuns; secular family heirs are mostly relatives of the testator, including their children, brothers, nephews, wives and concubines; the scope of the heirs of the family is wider, not only Here, the author also analyzes the issue of women's inheritance; witnesses are mostly relatives of the testator and those with official status; witnesses in Uighur testaments include monks and mythological gods; and the fourth is heritage research. The fifth layer is the testator's requirement for research. The testator's requirement for heirs and other relatives is mostly not to fight for property, but also to restrict the remarriage of wives. The sixth layer is the study of breach of contract punishment, mainly including spiritual punishment, material punishment and official punishment. The seventh layer is the matter. The study of signature and imprint mainly includes the pledge, the knuckle line, the handprint, the signature and the seal.
The fourth part is mainly through the study of the first two parts, to explore the form and content of the testament contained in some of the township conventions, and then analyze the relationship between the border areas and the mainland. In the content, the author mainly studies 18 testaments from the nine levels of the third part, analyzes the differences and connections among the contents of the testaments of the Mainland, Dunhuang and Turpan, and explores the local rules and regulations and the relations between the frontier and the Mainland.
The fifth part is the conclusion of this article, and makes a brief summary of the research content of this article.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：D929;D923.5
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