歐洲中世紀自然法思想嬗變
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-28 08:33
【摘要】： 歐洲中世紀是自然法發(fā)展史上一個重要而又比較特殊的時期,在這個曾被認為歐洲最黑暗的時期,自然法在宗教神學的遮蔽之下緩慢發(fā)展,從希臘哲學家著述中的陽春白雪,不斷地在宗教典籍中被神學家闡釋,用來為證明上帝、信仰上帝做辯護,慢慢的普及到眾信徒的心中。在這其中有許多不清楚和誤解的地方,本文在參考當下及歷史上眾家對中世紀自然法研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上,進一步閱讀歐洲中世紀部分宗教典籍,試圖以奧古斯丁、格拉提安、托馬斯·阿奎那的自然法思想為線索,重點把握自然法思想在這些階段的發(fā)展狀態(tài)及內(nèi)在路徑,并彼此聯(lián)系,理出自然法在這一時期的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)。 本文首先簡要交代自然法的概念,自然法的發(fā)展階段,對一些基本概念做出交代,然后分五部分對自然法進行論述。第一部分簡要介紹中世紀之前的自然法局面�；谌藗儗ψ匀坏木次泛头荷竦某绨�,自然法在古希臘哲學家的筆下被提出來,并為后面相繼而來的智者派、蘇格拉底、柏拉圖、亞里士多德、斯多葛學派所發(fā)展。本部分僅對自然法在這一較長時期發(fā)展的線索進行粗略的勾勒,不求敘述的多么詳細,但求能夠為下文寫作做一個鋪墊。第二部分寫奧古斯丁的自然法思想。奧古斯丁通過自己的論述和對“伊壁鳩魯悖論”的解答,提出人性的原罪,認為人類因為自己的祖先亞當偷食禁果人性被玷污,而背負原罪,引出用法律來制止惡的必要,進而對法律做永恒法、自然法、人定法的劃分,指出自然法是為了彌補人定法的不足,自然法是對永恒法的分有。第三部分寫格拉提安的自然法思想。格拉提安作為教會法的集大成者,在其《格拉提安教令集》中,論述了自然法的概念,自然法與神法、世俗法、習慣法的關(guān)系,使自然法深深融入教會法之中,使自然法獲得進一步的發(fā)展并深入人心。第四部分寫托馬斯·阿奎那自然法思想。托馬斯通過對因亞里士多德哲學復興而導致的“信仰危機”的解決,大大拓展自然法的內(nèi)涵和外延,并通過對人性的解讀,認為自然法源于人的理性,理性是人區(qū)別于其他動物的本質(zhì)區(qū)別。因此自然法在托馬斯思想中成了理性法,代替了以往帶有神秘主義色彩的神啟法,使理性觀念深入人心,使自然法更靠近世俗,使自然法與上帝之間產(chǎn)生縫隙,為之后世俗社會地位的提高乃至文藝復興做了很好的鋪墊。第五部分對中世紀自然法思想進行了總結(jié),歸納了中世紀自然法的特點,并且理出了其發(fā)展的脈絡(luò)。 在寫作本文的過程中,采用了歷史考察的方法、價值分析的方法和比較的方法。自然法在中世紀的發(fā)展歷史背景有其特殊性,不能將其作孤立的研究,而應將其放到特定的中世紀的背景下去考察,當時神學一統(tǒng)天下,其他所有的科學都成了神學的附庸,在此背景下去研究自然法的產(chǎn)生、發(fā)展、演變的過程及規(guī)律,才有理論意義。中世紀幾乎沒有專門的自然法典籍,幾乎所有的自然法思想,都蘊含在宗教神學典籍中,這也決定了這種研究的方法。自然法思想在中世紀的保有及其發(fā)展的價值是在中世紀之后才顯示出來的,從神性到理性,從宗教到世俗,它對人性、對社會的影響具有不可估量的價值。奧古斯丁、格拉提安和托馬斯·阿奎那在對自然法論述的時候,有許多相似也有許多不同的地方,他們都對法律進行分類,但是分類的方法不盡相同,都對自然法與神旨的關(guān)系進行論述,觀點也不一樣等等,通過對他們的這些論述進行比較,可以很好的總結(jié)出自然法的含義及其發(fā)展的脈絡(luò)。 任何事物都是在曲折中向前發(fā)展的,自然法思想也一樣。在歐洲中世紀,眾多宗教哲學家,挾教會的無上的權(quán)威,在他們的神哲學著作中,拿各種理論為證明上帝進行服務(wù),中世紀一度被認為是黑暗的時代。然而在這個階段就自然法思想發(fā)展來說,卻不乏閃光點。本文的目的和創(chuàng)新之處就是揭示裹挾在晦澀冗長的神學著作中的自然法思想,剖析自然法在中世紀主要發(fā)展階段的狀態(tài)、內(nèi)涵,進而總結(jié)出其發(fā)展的內(nèi)在理路。自然法思想在中世紀這一時期獲得了重要發(fā)展,它從一個可有可無的對自然萬物的泛神信仰,發(fā)展為一個深入人心的關(guān)乎人類自身理性的理論系統(tǒng);它從一開始與上帝的緊密結(jié)合到中世紀末期與上帝的漸行漸遠,逐漸走向世俗。這一切,都促進了人類走出宗教蒙昧,走向理性,走向科學世界。
[Abstract]:The middle ages of Europe were an important and special period in the history of the development of natural law. In a period when the darkest of Europe was considered, the law of nature was slowly developed under the shelter of religious theology. The snow of the Greek philosopher's writings was constantly interpreted by theologians in the religious books to prove God. On the basis of the research results of the medieval natural law, this article further read some religious books in the middle ages of Europe, trying to take Augustin, gretian, Thomas Aquinas's nature. The thought of law is a clue, focusing on the development and inner path of the natural law thought at these stages, and connecting with each other, and taking the development of the natural law in this period.
This article first gives a brief account of the concept of natural law, the development stage of the natural law, the explanation of some basic concepts, and then five parts of the natural law. The first part briefly introduces the natural law situation before the middle ages. Based on the awe of nature and the worship of Pan God, the natural law is proposed in the pen of ancient Greek philosophers. It comes out and is developed by the Socrates, Socrates, Platon, Aristotle, and the Stoic school. This part is only a rough outline of the clues of the development of the natural law in this long period, not to be described in detail, but to make a paving for the following writing. In the second part, the nature of Augustin's nature is written. Augustin, through his own discussion and the answer to the Epicurus paradox, puts forward the original sin of human nature, and thinks that human beings have been defiled because of his own ancestor Adam's stealing of the forbidden fruit, and bear the original sin, lead to the necessity of using the law to stop the evil, and then make the law of eternal, natural and human law, and point out the natural law. In order to make up the deficiency of human law, the natural law is the separation of the eternal law. The third part writes about Guerra Tian's natural law thought. Guerra Tian, as the master of the law of the church, discusses the concept of natural law, the relationship between natural law and the law of God, the secular law and the customary law in his "Guerra Tian's order collection", so that natural law is deeply integrated into the law of the church. In the fourth part, the fourth part writes the thought of natural law. By solving the "belief crisis" caused by the revival of Aristotle's philosophy, Thomas greatly expands the connotation and extension of the natural law, and through the interpretation of human nature, the natural law originates from the human reason. Reason is the essential difference between human beings and other animals. Therefore, the natural law has become a rational law in Thomas's thought, replacing the old method of God with mysticism, making the rational idea deeply rooted in the people's mind, making the natural law closer to the secular, creating a gap between the natural law and the God, as well as the improvement of the social status of the secular society and even the literature and art. The fifth part summarizes the medieval natural law thought, sums up the characteristics of the natural law in the middle ages, and gives the development of its context.
In the process of writing this article, the method of historical investigation, the method of value analysis and the method of comparison are adopted. The natural law has its special characteristics in the historical background of the medieval development. It can not be used as an isolated study, but it should be put into the special medieval background to investigate. At that time, the theology unified the world and all the other sciences were made. It has theoretical significance to study the birth, development, process and law of the natural law in this background. There are almost no special natural law books in the middle ages, almost all the natural law thoughts are contained in the religious theological classics, which also determines the method of this research. And the value of its development was revealed after the middle ages, from divinity to reason, from religion to secularity, and of inestimable value to human nature and to society. Augustin, grate and Thomas Aquinas had many similarities as well as many different places when they discussed natural law. Classification, but the methods of classification are different, the relationship between the natural law and the tenor is discussed, the views are different, and so on. Through the comparison of these treatises, we can well sum up the meaning and development of the natural law.
In the middle ages of Europe, many religious philosophers, with the supreme authority of the church, took all kinds of theories to prove God's service in their spiritual philosophy, which was once thought of as dark in the middle ages. However, at this stage, the thought of natural law was issued. The purpose and innovation of this article is to reveal the natural law thought in the obscure and lengthy works of theology, to analyze the state and the connotation of the natural law in the main stages of the development of the middle ages, and to sum up the inherent logic of its development. A ubiquitous belief in the universal God of nature has developed into a theoretical system of human reason, which is closely connected with God from the beginning to the end of the middle ages with God and gradually to the secular. All these have promoted human beings to go out of religious ignorance, to reason and to the world of Science. Boundary.
【學位授予單位】：河南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：D90
本文編號：2149514
[Abstract]:The middle ages of Europe were an important and special period in the history of the development of natural law. In a period when the darkest of Europe was considered, the law of nature was slowly developed under the shelter of religious theology. The snow of the Greek philosopher's writings was constantly interpreted by theologians in the religious books to prove God. On the basis of the research results of the medieval natural law, this article further read some religious books in the middle ages of Europe, trying to take Augustin, gretian, Thomas Aquinas's nature. The thought of law is a clue, focusing on the development and inner path of the natural law thought at these stages, and connecting with each other, and taking the development of the natural law in this period.
This article first gives a brief account of the concept of natural law, the development stage of the natural law, the explanation of some basic concepts, and then five parts of the natural law. The first part briefly introduces the natural law situation before the middle ages. Based on the awe of nature and the worship of Pan God, the natural law is proposed in the pen of ancient Greek philosophers. It comes out and is developed by the Socrates, Socrates, Platon, Aristotle, and the Stoic school. This part is only a rough outline of the clues of the development of the natural law in this long period, not to be described in detail, but to make a paving for the following writing. In the second part, the nature of Augustin's nature is written. Augustin, through his own discussion and the answer to the Epicurus paradox, puts forward the original sin of human nature, and thinks that human beings have been defiled because of his own ancestor Adam's stealing of the forbidden fruit, and bear the original sin, lead to the necessity of using the law to stop the evil, and then make the law of eternal, natural and human law, and point out the natural law. In order to make up the deficiency of human law, the natural law is the separation of the eternal law. The third part writes about Guerra Tian's natural law thought. Guerra Tian, as the master of the law of the church, discusses the concept of natural law, the relationship between natural law and the law of God, the secular law and the customary law in his "Guerra Tian's order collection", so that natural law is deeply integrated into the law of the church. In the fourth part, the fourth part writes the thought of natural law. By solving the "belief crisis" caused by the revival of Aristotle's philosophy, Thomas greatly expands the connotation and extension of the natural law, and through the interpretation of human nature, the natural law originates from the human reason. Reason is the essential difference between human beings and other animals. Therefore, the natural law has become a rational law in Thomas's thought, replacing the old method of God with mysticism, making the rational idea deeply rooted in the people's mind, making the natural law closer to the secular, creating a gap between the natural law and the God, as well as the improvement of the social status of the secular society and even the literature and art. The fifth part summarizes the medieval natural law thought, sums up the characteristics of the natural law in the middle ages, and gives the development of its context.
In the process of writing this article, the method of historical investigation, the method of value analysis and the method of comparison are adopted. The natural law has its special characteristics in the historical background of the medieval development. It can not be used as an isolated study, but it should be put into the special medieval background to investigate. At that time, the theology unified the world and all the other sciences were made. It has theoretical significance to study the birth, development, process and law of the natural law in this background. There are almost no special natural law books in the middle ages, almost all the natural law thoughts are contained in the religious theological classics, which also determines the method of this research. And the value of its development was revealed after the middle ages, from divinity to reason, from religion to secularity, and of inestimable value to human nature and to society. Augustin, grate and Thomas Aquinas had many similarities as well as many different places when they discussed natural law. Classification, but the methods of classification are different, the relationship between the natural law and the tenor is discussed, the views are different, and so on. Through the comparison of these treatises, we can well sum up the meaning and development of the natural law.
In the middle ages of Europe, many religious philosophers, with the supreme authority of the church, took all kinds of theories to prove God's service in their spiritual philosophy, which was once thought of as dark in the middle ages. However, at this stage, the thought of natural law was issued. The purpose and innovation of this article is to reveal the natural law thought in the obscure and lengthy works of theology, to analyze the state and the connotation of the natural law in the main stages of the development of the middle ages, and to sum up the inherent logic of its development. A ubiquitous belief in the universal God of nature has developed into a theoretical system of human reason, which is closely connected with God from the beginning to the end of the middle ages with God and gradually to the secular. All these have promoted human beings to go out of religious ignorance, to reason and to the world of Science. Boundary.
【學位授予單位】：河南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：D90
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