【摘要】：自羅馬建城之初到帝國(guó)時(shí)期，其政制一直處于動(dòng)態(tài)的演變之中。這其中歷經(jīng)了王制、共和制和元首制。這為公法學(xué)家與政治學(xué)家提供了一個(gè)完美的研究對(duì)象。 從另一個(gè)角度看，羅馬政制的演變進(jìn)程也是一個(gè)不斷包容的過(guò)程，從臺(tái)伯河畔一個(gè)單一民族的城邦，演變到包含多民族的帝國(guó)（國(guó)家）。在前一個(gè)階段，又經(jīng)歷了“貴族一元制國(guó)家”與“貴族平民二元制國(guó)家”兩個(gè)時(shí)期。在此平民與貴族的斗爭(zhēng)一直是城邦歷史的主導(dǎo)，保民官制度便源于此。作為平民利益的代表，保民官推進(jìn)著城邦向二元制國(guó)家演進(jìn)。而同時(shí)保民官自身的權(quán)力也在不斷的擴(kuò)張。 保民官制度不僅涉及到古羅馬法律，而且與每個(gè)歷史階段的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化狀況密切相關(guān)。筆者擬從保民官制度在古羅馬的起源、發(fā)展、危機(jī)的歷史，梳理該制度在羅馬共和各個(gè)時(shí)期的運(yùn)作情況。這主要包括文章的前三章；第二部分（第四章）則是在橫向的角度來(lái)討論保民官與共和國(guó)政制的關(guān)系，進(jìn)而分析保民官在共和國(guó)政制演變的過(guò)程中的身份與作用。 第一章《保民官制度的起源》。該章討論了羅馬建城之初的社會(huì)狀況以及保民官的誕生過(guò)程。早期羅馬分為原本定居的氏族階層和外來(lái)的移民階層，這構(gòu)成了日后城邦的兩大團(tuán)體——貴族與平民。在由原始的部落聯(lián)盟（庫(kù)里亞）制度向城邦制的過(guò)渡過(guò)程中，羅馬吸收了大量外來(lái)的力量，導(dǎo)致平民階層的壯大。而這與其法律上和經(jīng)濟(jì)上的劣勢(shì)地位相抵觸，最終引發(fā)了平民分裂運(yùn)動(dòng)。保民官就是這次運(yùn)動(dòng)的產(chǎn)物，作為平民的長(zhǎng)官，他的身體是神圣不可侵犯的并享有否決城邦官員行為的權(quán)力。自此，，平民有了法律上和政治上的武器，以對(duì)抗貴族。需要注意的是，雖然保民官的地位得到了法律的確立，但是此時(shí)保民官的權(quán)力僅僅是一種“事實(shí)上”的存在，其效力取決于具體斗爭(zhēng)中平民與貴族力量的對(duì)比。 第二章《從消極防衛(wèi)到積極抗?fàn)帯Ｃ窆僦贫鹊陌l(fā)展》。該章主要討論了羅馬在由貴族一元制國(guó)家向“平民—貴族二元制國(guó)家”過(guò)渡的過(guò)程中保民官權(quán)力的擴(kuò)張與作用。以保民官作為平民的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者與貴族把持的元老院進(jìn)行的斗爭(zhēng)為背景，筆者主要以《李奇尼-塞斯蒂亞法》和《霍爾騰西亞法》這兩項(xiàng)保民官主持的立法為線索。對(duì)保民官在平民不斷取得斗爭(zhēng)勝利的過(guò)程中，逐漸將“事實(shí)上”的權(quán)力轉(zhuǎn)化為法律上的慣例，進(jìn)而履行“平民—貴族二元制國(guó)家”的推進(jìn)者的使命，從而完成“體制外”到“體制內(nèi)”的轉(zhuǎn)變。 第三章《共和國(guó)危機(jī)中的保民官》。該章主要討論在公元前2世紀(jì)共和國(guó)危機(jī)中保民官的改革與貴族元老院的反改革的斗爭(zhēng)。以保民官格拉古兄弟和貴族代表蘇拉的立法活動(dòng)為線索，分析了共和國(guó)危機(jī)的原因。經(jīng)過(guò)持續(xù)的斗爭(zhēng)，羅馬國(guó)家模式已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤捌矫瘛F族二元制”，城邦也已經(jīng)在對(duì)外戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中擴(kuò)大了疆域。筆者認(rèn)為共和末期危機(jī)的本質(zhì)是城邦國(guó)家體制無(wú)法適應(yīng)擴(kuò)張后的“帝國(guó)”的矛盾。而此時(shí)隨著二元制國(guó)家的體系的建立，保民官實(shí)質(zhì)上與城邦官員已經(jīng)相差無(wú)幾。而格拉古兄弟與錯(cuò)誤的認(rèn)識(shí)使得其改革不僅無(wú)法克服危機(jī)，反而將共和國(guó)推入了內(nèi)亂的漩渦。之后蘇拉一系列“撥亂反正”的立法活動(dòng)徹底削弱了保民官的權(quán)利。 第四章《平民—貴族二元制國(guó)家中的保民官》。該章首先分析了二元制結(jié)構(gòu)中共和國(guó)政制的各個(gè)構(gòu)成部分，并通過(guò)討論保民官與各個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)的關(guān)系來(lái)分析保民官在共和國(guó)政制中的位置，進(jìn)而推導(dǎo)出保民官權(quán)力的雙面性特征。革命性與消極性好似硬幣的兩面，一直伴隨著保民官制度的發(fā)展。保民官與共和國(guó)其他機(jī)構(gòu)的關(guān)系中也時(shí)刻顯現(xiàn)著這兩種特質(zhì)。在該章末尾筆者通過(guò)對(duì)于歷代羅馬公法的研究者的觀點(diǎn)的梳理，對(duì)保民官的雙面性進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。 通過(guò)上述四章對(duì)保民官制度產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展、消亡歷程的分析之后，在文章的結(jié)語(yǔ)中，筆者試圖站在羅馬國(guó)家模式的演變的基礎(chǔ)上來(lái)對(duì)保民官制度進(jìn)行解釋。筆者認(rèn)為，保民官在共和早期表現(xiàn)出的是“二元制國(guó)家”推動(dòng)者的角色，為了打破貴族在立法和政治領(lǐng)域的壟斷，保民官成為了平民斗爭(zhēng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。當(dāng)這一目的達(dá)成之后，保民官作為“自由的守護(hù)者”逐漸成為了“體制內(nèi)”的官員。但這種自由絕不是個(gè)人自由，而是“全體羅馬人民集體的自由”。隨著羅馬不斷取得對(duì)外征戰(zhàn)的勝利，擴(kuò)張形勢(shì)已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)打破了城邦國(guó)家對(duì)于邊疆的限制。保民官已經(jīng)和城邦制一樣不適用于新的帝國(guó)，最終與共和國(guó)一起消亡。
[Abstract]:From the beginning of Rome to the Empire, its political system has been in a dynamic evolution. This has gone through the system of king, republicanism and the system of Fuehrer. This provides a perfect object for public and political scientists.
From another point of view, the process of the evolution of Rome's political system is also a continuous and inclusive process, from a single nation city state on the banks of the Tai Bo River to a multi-ethnic empire (state). In the previous stage, it went through the two periods of the "aristocratic monocracy" and "the nobleman two yuan state". The struggle has always been the dominant factor in the history of the city-state. The civil officer system is the source of this. As a representative of the interests of the civilian population, the civil servants have promoted the evolution of the city states to the two yuan state. At the same time, the power of the civil servants is constantly expanding.
The civil service officer system not only relates to the ancient Rome law, but also is closely related to the political, economic, social and cultural conditions of each historical stage. The author intends to form the origin, development, and crisis history of the civil service officer system in ancient Rome, and to comb the operation of the system in every period of the Republic of Rome. This mainly includes the first three chapters of the article; the second part of the article. The fourth chapter is to discuss the relationship between the civil servants and the political system of the Republic in a horizontal angle, and then analyze the identity and role of the civil servants in the process of the evolution of the Republic's political system.
The first chapter, "the origin of the civil servant system". This chapter discusses the social conditions at the beginning of Rome's construction and the birth process of the civil servants. Early Rome was divided into the originally settled clan class and the immigration class, which constituted the two major groups of the city states - the nobles and the civilians. In the process of the transition, Rome absorbed a large number of external forces, which led to the expansion of the civilian population, which incompatible with its legal and economic disadvantage and eventually led to the split movement of civilians. The civil officer was the product of the movement. As a civilian chief, his body was sacrosanct and enjoyed the veto of the city state officer. At this point, civilians have legal and political weapons to fight against aristocracy. It is important to note that, although the status of the civil servants has been established by law, the power of the civil servants is only a "de facto" existence, and its effectiveness depends on the contrast between the common people and the aristocracy in the struggle.
The second chapter, from negative defense to active resistance, the development of the civil officer system is more than. This chapter mainly discusses the expansion and role of the power of the civil servants in the process of the transition from the aristocratic one yuan state to the "populace and the aristocratic two yuan state" in Rome. In the context, the author mainly uses the legislation of the two civil servants of the lycuni Seth and the Holzer Tengsi law. In the course of the continuous victory of the civil servants in the struggle, the "de facto" power is gradually transformed into the legal practice, and then the propeller of the "civilian and aristocratic two yuan state" is carried out. Mission, so as to complete the transformation from "outside the system" to "within the system".
The third chapter, "the civil officer in the Republic's crisis". This chapter mainly discusses the struggle between the reform of the civil servants and the anti reform of the aristocratic Senate in the second Century B.C. crisis. The reasons for the crisis are analyzed by the legislative activities of Sura, the civil servant and the aristocratic representative of the aristocracy. After a continuous struggle, the national model of the state of Rome has been carried out. The style has changed into "the two yuan system of the common people and the aristocracy", and the city states have also expanded their territory in the war of foreign countries. The essence of the crisis is that the state system of the state can not adapt to the contradiction of the "empire" after the expansion of the state. At this time, with the establishment of the system of the two yuan state, the civil servants are in substance with the city state officials. The gladago brothers and the wrong understanding made the reform not only unable to overcome the crisis, but also pushed the Republic into the whirlpool of internal chaos. After that, Sura's series of "disorderly" legislative activities completely weakened the rights of the civil servants.
The fourth chapter, "the civil servants of the civilian and the aristocracy in the two yuan state". This chapter first analyzes the various components of the political system of the Republic in the two yuan system, and analyzes the position of the civil officer in the Republic's political system by discussing the relationship between the civil servants and the various institutions, and then deduces the two sided features of the power of the civil servants. It is like the two sides of the coin, which has always been accompanied by the development of the civil officer system. The relationship between the civil officer and other institutions of the Republic also shows the two characteristics. At the end of this chapter, the author evaluates the double sided nature of the civil servants through the combing of the views of the researchers of the public law of Rome in the past dynasties.
After the analysis of the four chapters of the above-mentioned four chapters, the author makes an attempt to explain the system of the civil servants on the basis of the evolution of the state model of the state. The author believes that the role of the civil officer in the early Republic is the role of the "two yuan state" agent, in order to break the system. When the aristocracy monopolized the legislative and political fields, the civil servants became the leaders of the civilian struggle. After this goal was reached, the civil servants were gradually becoming "within the system" as the "guardian of freedom". But this freedom was not personal freedom, but "the freedom of the collective of all the people of Rome". With the continuous acquisition of Rome. The victory of foreign war, the expansion of the situation has far broken the limits of the city state to the frontier. The civil servants have not applied to the new empire as the city state system, and eventually disappearing with the Republic.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：D90-052

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前2條

1 張學(xué)仁;古代羅馬共和國(guó)憲制探源——世界第一次立憲主義的實(shí)驗(yàn)[J];法學(xué)評(píng)論;2002年05期

2 阿爾多·貝特魯奇,徐國(guó)棟;從身份到契約與羅馬的身份制度[J];現(xiàn)代法學(xué);1997年06期

本文編號(hào)：2149468