本文選題：近代銀行 + 資本組織法律制度　； 參考：《華東政法大學(xué)》2009年博士論文

【摘要】： 19世紀(jì)開始,人類邁入了“四海一家”的時(shí)代,“華夷隔絕之天下,成為中外會(huì)通之天下�！薄f片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)陷中國(guó)于百年屈辱之境地的同時(shí),“西人以利為先”的思想也啟蒙了國(guó)人的重商主義。國(guó)人意識(shí)到“惟有利而后能知義,惟有利而后可以獲利。”2“惟利、獲利”的動(dòng)機(jī)促使西方金融理論被引入近代中國(guó),并作為“振興商務(wù)”的理論基礎(chǔ),得以廣泛傳播。外商在華銀行所獲巨額之利,也驅(qū)使國(guó)人自省票號(hào)、錢莊等傳統(tǒng)金融機(jī)構(gòu)的落后與不足。在這些因素的合力作用下,國(guó)人開始轉(zhuǎn)向新式銀行的建設(shè)。1897年第一家新式銀行一中國(guó)通商銀行成立。由此,揭開了中國(guó)銀行業(yè)建設(shè)的大幕。 在銀行業(yè)領(lǐng)域規(guī)范化、金融市場(chǎng)成熟化的進(jìn)程中,鑒于市場(chǎng)機(jī)制的缺陷,人們呼喚國(guó)家實(shí)行金融監(jiān)管,以法律手段彌補(bǔ)市場(chǎng)規(guī)則的不足。基于此,清政府啟動(dòng)了銀行的立法建制。“光緒三十四年(1908年)正月十六日頒布《銀行通行則例》,此為吾國(guó)有銀行法之始”。3“1947年的《銀行法》代表了近代銀行立法的最高水平”4。 在近四十年的立法進(jìn)程中,歷屆政府主觀上都曾嘗試建立一個(gè)既吸收世界最新法制成果,又符合本國(guó)國(guó)情的銀行法體系,并為之付出了努力。但動(dòng)蕩的政治局勢(shì)、階級(jí)利益的對(duì)立、立法與本土資源的脫節(jié)等因素限制了銀行法的實(shí)施績(jī)效。 本文對(duì)近代銀行組織法律制度加以梳理,從資本組織法律制度、內(nèi)部組織法律制度、分支行法律制度三個(gè)層面,對(duì)銀行法的內(nèi)容、立法意義、立法缺陷、實(shí)施績(jī)效等問(wèn)題嘗試解析。并將銀行的資本構(gòu)成及產(chǎn)權(quán)演變、內(nèi)部治理機(jī)制、分支行設(shè)置與監(jiān)管等法律問(wèn)題納入考察視野,試圖概括、歸納近代銀行組織法律制度的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)與基本特征。 文章分為導(dǎo)論、正文、結(jié)語(yǔ)三個(gè)部分： 導(dǎo)論,介紹了論文的選題緣由,回顧近現(xiàn)代銀行法制研究的成績(jī)與不足,闡述研究脈絡(luò)與探索創(chuàng)新之處。最后,針對(duì)文中“銀行組織法律制度”、“銀行法”等概念做出界定,以便使研究規(guī)范化。 第一章,中國(guó)近代銀行組織的建立。本章從社會(huì)歷史變革的角度,介紹了轉(zhuǎn)型時(shí)期近代中國(guó)金融業(yè)的狀況、銀行組織建設(shè)思想,為近代銀行法制研究做好背景鋪墊。近代以前,中國(guó)曾出現(xiàn)過(guò)數(shù)量繁多、名稱各異的信用機(jī)構(gòu),如泉府、質(zhì)庫(kù)、票號(hào)、錢莊等。而這些機(jī)構(gòu)與西方資本主義信用機(jī)構(gòu)銀行有著本質(zhì)區(qū)別。隨著近代自然經(jīng)濟(jì)的解體,票號(hào)因組織形式、經(jīng)營(yíng)機(jī)制等缺陷,無(wú)法適應(yīng)外部環(huán)境而消亡。錢莊則因與時(shí)俱進(jìn)地改變了經(jīng)營(yíng)及組織制度,獲得了新發(fā)展。這一時(shí)期,在中國(guó)勢(shì)力較大的金融機(jī)構(gòu)是外商銀行。外商銀行為了配合列強(qiáng)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)侵略的需要,進(jìn)入中國(guó)。其助長(zhǎng)了外國(guó)商品和資本的輸入,對(duì)中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)造成了巨大危害。但同時(shí)也帶來(lái)了以股份公司制為主體的銀行制度,為本國(guó)銀行的設(shè)立做了示范。在國(guó)人千呼萬(wàn)喚聲中,本國(guó)銀行姍姍而來(lái),并后來(lái)居上,與錢莊、外商銀行并立為近代三大金融機(jī)構(gòu)。 本國(guó)銀行的興起是各種因素合力作用的結(jié)果,如自然經(jīng)濟(jì)的瓦解、民族資本工業(yè)的創(chuàng)建及外商銀行的刺激。此外,還有一個(gè)不可忽視的因素,即銀行理論、銀行建設(shè)思想的傳播。知識(shí)分子嚴(yán)復(fù)、謝霖、李徽通過(guò)著書立說(shuō),闡述了如何建設(shè)以股份制為核心的資本組織制度。他們一致認(rèn)為,股份公司制是最佳的資本組織形式；在內(nèi)部組織建設(shè)方面,清末官員鹿傳霖、銀行家陳光甫等人貢獻(xiàn)了自己的智慧。他們?cè)趦?nèi)部治理機(jī)制、管理制度等方面做了論述；就如何建立和完善分支行制度,清末官員盛宣懷,銀行家程本固、周作民等認(rèn)為,以實(shí)際經(jīng)濟(jì)需要為基點(diǎn),以事權(quán)集中制或統(tǒng)帳制的方式合理設(shè)置分支行。 第二章,中國(guó)近代銀行組織之立法。本章主要內(nèi)容為七個(gè)部分,以階段論的觀點(diǎn),論述了近代中國(guó)銀行組織立法的產(chǎn)生、推廣及強(qiáng)化的演變過(guò)程。并圍繞銀行組織立法的法律淵源、資本組織的立法演進(jìn)、內(nèi)部組織的立法演進(jìn)、分支行的立法演進(jìn)、組織法律制度與習(xí)慣法的沖突等問(wèn)題展開探討,最后從立法意義、立法特色、立法缺陷等方面對(duì)近代銀行組織法制進(jìn)行評(píng)議。近代銀行法經(jīng)過(guò)清末的初創(chuàng),民國(guó)時(shí)期的發(fā)展完善,以1947年《銀行法》為標(biāo)志,形成了兼具英美與大陸法系特征,獨(dú)具中國(guó)特色的銀行法體系。其引入了股份公司制的資本組織制度、三權(quán)制衡的內(nèi)部治理制度、總分行制度等新金融制度,實(shí)現(xiàn)了制度創(chuàng)新。同時(shí),銀行法豐富了近代民商法的內(nèi)容,有利于打破“以刑為主”的一元法律傳統(tǒng),推進(jìn)司法、公法并存的二元法律制度建設(shè)。但因各種因素的制約,近代銀行法存在著諸多不足,如法律概念不規(guī)范、立法內(nèi)容互相抵觸、立法思想與實(shí)踐脫節(jié)、司法困難等。 第三章,資本組織法律制度。本章至第五章探討銀行具體組織法律制度。本章內(nèi)容主要為四個(gè)部分。第一節(jié),近代中國(guó)銀行資本組織制度的引入與展開。簡(jiǎn)要回顧了股份公司制在西方產(chǎn)生并適用于銀行業(yè)的歷史,闡述了近代中國(guó)銀行業(yè)引入與普及這一先進(jìn)制度的過(guò)程；第二節(jié),官商合股銀行之資本組織：中國(guó)銀行個(gè)案研究。通過(guò)中國(guó)銀行官商股份的變化、資本組織建設(shè)的歷程,考察官商合股銀行在爭(zhēng)取產(chǎn)權(quán)獨(dú)立、制度創(chuàng)新方面所付出的努力與探索；第三節(jié),私人股份銀行之資本組織制度。以通商銀行、上海商業(yè)儲(chǔ)蓄銀行為個(gè)案,分析官僚軍閥為主體、民族資產(chǎn)階級(jí)為主體的銀行在資本構(gòu)成、股權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)上的不同,說(shuō)明股權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)化對(duì)改善銀行經(jīng)營(yíng)效率的作用；第四節(jié),資本組織制度的創(chuàng)新。此節(jié)歸納近代銀行在資本組織方面的創(chuàng)新之處。 第四章,內(nèi)部組織法律制度。本章以四節(jié)篇幅,從權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)、執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)、內(nèi)部管理、內(nèi)部組織的創(chuàng)新等方面,解析近代銀行內(nèi)部組織法律制度。第一節(jié),權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)。主要介紹近代銀行股東與股東會(huì),董事、董事會(huì)與監(jiān)察人的構(gòu)成及特征。通過(guò)對(duì)金城銀行、浙江實(shí)業(yè)銀行章程的分析,了解近代銀行股東會(huì)的類型、召開及職權(quán),董監(jiān)會(huì)的組成、人員結(jié)構(gòu)等；第二節(jié),執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)。主要介紹總管理處及分支機(jī)構(gòu)的內(nèi)部組織機(jī)構(gòu),探求內(nèi)部組織三權(quán)機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)置、運(yùn)作；第三節(jié),內(nèi)部管理制度。本節(jié)從職員的錄用提拔、收入待遇、獎(jiǎng)懲作息三個(gè)方面,介紹了近代銀行人事管理制度。最后一節(jié),內(nèi)部組織制度的創(chuàng)新。該部分從內(nèi)部組織機(jī)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化、人事管理的人性化及內(nèi)部激勵(lì)機(jī)制三個(gè)方面,總結(jié)了近代銀行內(nèi)部制度的創(chuàng)新之處。 第五章,分支行法律制度。本章內(nèi)容分為三個(gè)部分。第一節(jié),分支行概述。主要闡述銀行組織形式的類型、分支行在中國(guó)銀行業(yè)的適用與普及。單一制與分支行制作為主要的兩種制度,各有優(yōu)劣。基于經(jīng)濟(jì)、傳統(tǒng)因素的影響,近代中國(guó)銀行采用的是分支行制度。并以浙江地方實(shí)業(yè)銀行為例,具體介紹了分支行制度在近代銀行業(yè)的確立過(guò)程；第二節(jié),分支機(jī)構(gòu)之設(shè)置原則。該節(jié)介紹了近代銀行在國(guó)內(nèi)、海外分支機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置所依據(jù)的原則；第三節(jié),分支機(jī)構(gòu)之監(jiān)管。本節(jié)依據(jù)國(guó)民政府時(shí)期法令、法規(guī),著重考察抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后,分支機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)置與政府的監(jiān)管措施。并對(duì)監(jiān)管方式-現(xiàn)場(chǎng)檢查與非現(xiàn)場(chǎng)檢查進(jìn)行介紹。 第六章,歸納與設(shè)想。本章以前面的論述為基礎(chǔ),歸納總結(jié)中國(guó)近代銀行組織法律制度的特點(diǎn)及其影響,并從中借鑒經(jīng)驗(yàn),構(gòu)想當(dāng)今銀行體制改革的途徑與方法。主要內(nèi)容為三節(jié)。第一節(jié),中國(guó)近代銀行組織制度的現(xiàn)代化。以傳統(tǒng)金融機(jī)構(gòu)為參照,運(yùn)用比較分析法,闡述在組織制度方面,近代銀行具有不可比擬的生命力與活力,故能取而代之；第二節(jié),中國(guó)近代銀行組織制度的本土特色。移植至中國(guó)土壤的銀行制度,呈現(xiàn)出異于西方銀行制度的一些特色：官商合股的股份制、“官利”股息分配制,政府過(guò)度干預(yù)的公司治理機(jī)制；第三節(jié),近代銀行組織法律制度的影響及啟示。影響主要為促進(jìn)近代銀行業(yè)的發(fā)展、壯大民族產(chǎn)業(yè)、約束了新中國(guó)銀行制度的構(gòu)建。近代銀行立法模式,給當(dāng)今銀行法制建設(shè)以啟示,我們可以參考在商業(yè)銀行法之外,另訂專門銀行法,以彌補(bǔ)我國(guó)政策性銀行的立法缺失。此外,還可以借鑒近代監(jiān)管立法,構(gòu)建統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的外資銀行經(jīng)營(yíng)行為的法律制度,以修正我國(guó)“內(nèi)外有別”的監(jiān)管制度。最后,注重國(guó)情與借鑒外國(guó)立法經(jīng)驗(yàn)的結(jié)合,正確處理立法的“國(guó)際化”與“本土化”,也是歷史給予的啟示。 最后,文章在結(jié)語(yǔ)中指出,我國(guó)銀行法現(xiàn)代化的邏輯軌跡：以移植為途徑、國(guó)際化和本土化為目標(biāo),體現(xiàn)了金融創(chuàng)新與法律變革的互動(dòng)。該部分結(jié)合法律經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、法文化學(xué)等基本理論,闡述國(guó)際化以法律移植為途徑的可能性與必然性,及實(shí)現(xiàn)方式；分析中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)觀念、商事習(xí)慣對(duì)銀行法的沖擊及本土化表現(xiàn)；試圖就新時(shí)期金融創(chuàng)新法律制度的構(gòu)建,提出若干建議。
[Abstract]:At the beginning of nineteenth Century, human beings have entered the era of "one of the four seas and the same". "The world of the Chinese and foreign countries is isolated and the world has become the world." while the Opium War has fallen into the humiliation of a hundred years of humiliation in China, the thought of "the west is the first" also enlightened the mercantilism of the Chinese. The motivation of 2 "profit and profit" prompted western financial theory to be introduced into modern China, and it was widely spread as the theoretical basis of "revitalizing business". The huge profits obtained by foreign banks in China also drove the backwardness and shortage of traditional financial institutions such as national introspection and money, and under the synergy of these factors, Chinese people began to turn to the construction of new banks. The first new bank in.1897, the establishment of China Merchants Bank, opened the curtain of China's banking industry.
In the process of standardization in the field of banking and the maturity of the financial market, in view of the defects of the market mechanism, people call for the state to carry out financial supervision and make up for the lack of market rules by law. Based on this, the Qing government has started the legislative system of the bank. "Thirty-four years of Guangxu (1908), on the sixteen day of the first month of the first month, the bank passed the example. .3 "the 1947 Banking Act represents the highest level of modern banking legislation" 4.
In the last forty years of the legislative process, all the governments have tried to establish a banking law system that not only absorbed the latest legal achievements of the world, but also accords with the national conditions of the country. However, the political situation, the opposition of class interests and the disconnection between legislation and local resources have restricted the performance of the bank law.
In this paper, the legal system of modern banking organization is combed, from three aspects, the legal system of capital organization, the legal system of internal organization, and the legal system of branch line. It tries to analyze the contents, legislative meaning, legislative defects and performance of the bank law. With supervision and other legal issues into the field of vision, it attempts to summarize and summarize the development skeleton and basic characteristics of modern banking organization legal system.
The article is divided into three parts: introduction, text and conclusion.
The introduction introduces the reasons for the topic of the paper, reviews the achievements and shortcomings of the research on the legal system of modern banks, expounds the research context and innovation. Finally, it defines the concept of "the legal system of bank organization" and "Bank Law" in order to standardize the research.
The first chapter is the establishment of modern banking organization in China. From the angle of social and historical change, this chapter introduces the state of modern China's financial industry in the transition period, the thought of bank organization construction, and paves the way for the background of the research on the modern banking legal system. Before modern times, there had been numerous and numerous credit institutions, such as the Quan Fu, the quality bank, and the ticket number. There are essential differences between these institutions and the western capitalist credit institution banks. With the disintegration of the modern natural economy, the ticket number is unable to adapt to the external environment, because of the defects of the organization form and management mechanism. The bank has changed the management and organization system and gained new development because of the progress of the times. The strong financial institutions are foreign banks. Foreign banks have entered China in order to cooperate with the political and economic aggression of the powers. It has contributed to the import of foreign goods and capital and caused great harm to the Chinese economy. But at the same time, it has also brought a bank system based on shareholding company system, which has made a demonstration for the establishment of domestic banks. In the voice of thousands of people, domestic banks came back from behind and came together with banks and foreign banks to become the three largest financial institutions in modern times.
The rise of domestic banks is the result of the combination of various factors, such as the disintegration of the natural economy, the creation of national capital industry and the stimulation of foreign banks. In addition, there is a factor that can not be ignored, namely, the theory of bank and the dissemination of the thought of Bank construction. The intellectual Yan Fu, Xie Lin, Li Hui, through the writing of books, expounded how to build the stock. They agree that the shareholding company system is the best form of capital organization; in the internal organization construction, the late Qing officials Lu Chuanlin and the banker Chen Guangfu have contributed their own wisdom. They have discussed the internal governance mechanism, the management system and so on; and how to establish and improve their branches. The line system, the late Qing official Sheng Xuanhuai, banker Cheng bun, Zhou Zuomin and so on, think that the base point is the actual economic needs, and the branch line is set up by the way of centralized or unified account system.
The second chapter is the legislation of the bank organization in modern China. The main contents of this chapter are seven parts. In the view of stage theory, this chapter discusses the evolution process of the emergence, promotion and strengthening of the bank organization legislation in modern China. It also revolves around the legal origin of the bank organization legislation, the legislative evolution of the capital organization, the legislative evolution of the internal organization, and the legislation of the branch. The evolution, the conflicts between the legal system and the customary law are discussed. Finally, the legal system of the modern banking organization is evaluated from the legislative significance, the legislative characteristics and the legislative defects. The modern banking law developed and perfected in the period of the Republic of China in the period of the late Qing Dynasty, marked by the "silver line" in 1947, and formed a combination of Anglo American and continental legal system. The bank law system with unique Chinese characteristics has introduced the capital organization system of the shareholding company system, the internal governance system of three powers balance, the new financial system, such as the general branch system and so on. At the same time, the banking law enriches the content of modern civil and commercial law, and helps to break the "punishment based" one yuan legal tradition and promote the judicature. The construction of the two yuan legal system coexisted between public law and law. However, because of various factors, there are many shortcomings in the modern banking law, such as the non standard concept of the law, the conflicting legislation content, the disconnection of the legislative thought and practice, the judicial difficulty and so on.
The third chapter, the legal system of capital organization. This chapter to the fifth chapter discusses the legal system of the concrete organization of the bank. The content of this chapter is mainly four parts. The first section, the introduction and expansion of the modern Chinese bank capital organization system, briefly reviews the history of the joint stock company system in the West and applies to the silver industry, and expounds the banking industry in modern China. The process of entering and popularizing this advanced system; the second section, the capital organization of the joint stock bank of the government and businessmen: the case study of the Bank of China. Through the change of the Chinese bank's official and merchant shares and the course of the construction of the capital organization, the efforts and exploration of the joint stock bank of the government and businessmen in the aspects of the independence of property rights and the system innovation are examined; the third section, the private stock The capital organization system of the bank, taking the commercial bank and the Shanghai commercial savings bank as the case, analyzing the bureaucratic warlords as the main body, and the difference in the capital composition and the ownership structure of the national bourgeoisie, illustrates the role of the stock ownership structure to improve the efficiency of the bank management; the fourth section, the innovation of the capital organization system. The bank's innovation in capital organization.
The fourth chapter, the internal organization of the legal system. This chapter, with the four section, from the power institutions, executive institutions, internal management, internal organization innovation, and other aspects, the analysis of the modern bank internal organization legal system. First section, the authority. The main introduction of modern bank shareholders and shareholders, directors, the board of directors and supervisors of the Constitution and characteristics. Through the gold City bank, Zhejiang Industrial Bank of the constitution of the analysis, understand the types of modern bank shareholders, convening and power, the composition of Dong Jian, the structure of personnel, and so on; the second section, the executive agency, mainly introduce the internal organization of the general management and branch, the internal organization of the three rights institutions, operation; third, internal management system. From the three aspects of employee's employment promotion, income treatment and reward and punishment, the article introduces the modern bank personnel management system. The last section, the innovation of the internal organization system, summarizes the innovation of the internal system in modern banks from the three aspects of the optimization of the internal organization, the humanization of personnel management and the internal incentive mechanism.
The fifth chapter, branch line legal system. The content of this chapter is divided into three parts. The first section, the outline of branch lines. It mainly expounds the type of the bank organization form, the application and popularization of the branch bank in the Chinese banking industry. The single system and the branch line system are the two main systems, each has its advantages and disadvantages. In the case of Zhejiang local industrial bank, and taking the local Industrial Bank of Zhejiang as an example, it introduces the establishment process of the branch line system in the modern banking industry, and the principle of setting up the branch organization. This section introduces the principles of the modern banks in China, the establishment of the overseas branches, the third section, the supervision of the branch institutions. This section is based on the civil affairs. The decrees and regulations of the government period, and the emphasis on the investigation of the Anti Japanese War, the establishment of the branches and the government's supervision measures, and the introduction of the supervision mode - field inspection and non - field inspection.
The sixth chapter is summarized and conceived. Based on the previous discussion, this chapter sums up the characteristics and influence of the legal system of modern banking organization in China, and draws lessons from the experience to conceive the ways and methods of the reform of the current banking system. The main content is the three section. The first section, the modernization of the modern banking organization system in China. On the basis of comparative analysis, the author uses the comparative analysis method to explain that in the organization system, the modern bank has unparalleled vitality and vitality, so it can be replaced, and the second section, the local characteristics of the modern banking organization system in China. The bank system transplanted to the Chinese soil shows some characteristics different from the western banking system: the shares of the joint stock of official business. The third section, the influence and Enlightenment of the legal system of modern banking organization, is mainly to promote the development of modern banking, strengthen the national industry and constrain the construction of the new China banking system. The modern bank legislative model gives inspiration to the construction of the bank legal system. We can refer to the commercial bank law and separate the special bank law to make up for the lack of legislation in China's policy banks. In addition, we can also draw on modern regulatory legislation to build a unified standard of the legal system of the operation of foreign banks, in order to amend our country's "internal and external" regulatory system. Finally, pay attention to the national conditions and draw lessons from foreign countries. The combination of legislative experience and proper handling of the internationalization and localization of legislation is also the inspiration given by history.
Finally, in the conclusion, the article points out that the logical path of the modernization of China's banking law is the goal of transplantation, internationalization and localization, which embodies the interaction between financial innovation and legal change. This part combines the basic theories of legal economics and French chemistry, and expounds the possibility and necessity of the way of international law transplantation. In this way, we analyze the traditional Chinese concept, the impact of business customs on the bank law and its localization, and try to put forward some suggestions on the construction of the legal system of financial innovation in the new period.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：D922.281;D929

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本文編號(hào)：1839564