本文選題：徽商 + 訴訟�。� 參考：《華東政法大學(xué)》2009年博士論文

【摘要】：徽學(xué)素來有著“商成幫,學(xué)成派”的美譽(yù),徽商以及由此而產(chǎn)生的各種徽商文化現(xiàn)象,一直成為徽學(xué)學(xué)者研究徽州文化的關(guān)注重點(diǎn)。傳統(tǒng)對徽商的研究方法局限于歷史學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和社會學(xué)的研究視角。從傳統(tǒng)法律文化視角而言,中國古代的商人在長期“重農(nóng)抑商”的基本國策下,處于非常特殊的社會地位,對古代商人社會地位和商人相關(guān)訴訟活動的研究,理所當(dāng)然應(yīng)該成為法律史學(xué)者重點(diǎn)關(guān)注的對象之一。本文力圖將明清徽商置于“重農(nóng)抑商”和“無訟”的傳統(tǒng)法律文化的背景下,以法學(xué)(法律史)的研究方法來審視明清徽商的訴訟活動,嘗試著在傳統(tǒng)徽學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域里,開辟出以法律史學(xué)的視角研究徽商的一塊新領(lǐng)域。 第一章旨在“重農(nóng)抑商”的傳統(tǒng)法律文化背景下,分析歷代統(tǒng)治者加強(qiáng)“抑商”立法的經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、倫理文化的成因,審視“抑商”法律下商人社會地位的歷史演變過程,得知除了春秋和兩宋時(shí)期有過短暫的發(fā)展之外,商人一直處在被抑制的社會地位。 第二章主要考察在明清時(shí)期,國家立法重歸“重農(nóng)抑商”的傳統(tǒng)下,徽商之所以能夠迅速崛起的法文化因素:徽商對官府理學(xué)思想的“理欲關(guān)系”改造,整合出“儒賈相通”的“新四民論”,為徽商的崛起提供了主觀條件;隨著社會商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和對國家財(cái)政的依賴性越來越強(qiáng),明清統(tǒng)治者加強(qiáng)一系列“恤商”的商業(yè)立法,為徽商崛起提供了客觀條件;鑒于徽州地狹人稠,迫于生存壓力,徽州宗族法不斷完善,提供族產(chǎn)支持族內(nèi)子弟經(jīng)商,為徽商的崛起提供了社會條件。 第三章探討了在官方主流意識一再頌揚(yáng)“無訟”的價(jià)值觀下,因徽州地區(qū)社會價(jià)值觀念的轉(zhuǎn)變、民眾法律意識的提高、宗族勢力的大力支持、徽商群體的介入和訟師的教唆詞訟等諸多因素,徽州卻出現(xiàn)“好訟”之風(fēng),雖然徽州地區(qū)各級官府大力推行鄉(xiāng)約,以德化民,設(shè)置各種訴訟障礙等一系列抑制訴訟的措施,并無良好的社會效果。 第四章進(jìn)一步分析了作為身處四民之末的特殊社會群體——徽商,敢于“好訟”的深層原因:一者國家相關(guān)法律制度的進(jìn)一步完善,為徽商參與訴訟提供了法律依據(jù);二者“賈而好儒”的徽商自身具有較強(qiáng)的法律意識;三者也是最主要是徽商不遺余力依附封建政治勢力,依仗身后官府的“政治保護(hù)”。 第五章和第六章具體介紹和分析徽商的各類訴訟活動。論者以現(xiàn)代法學(xué)的視角將其大致分為三種類型的訴訟:一類是徽商內(nèi)部在經(jīng)營過程中存在的利益之爭而引起的訴訟;一類是客居他鄉(xiāng)的徽商與當(dāng)?shù)孛癖姷睦嬷疇幎鸬脑V訟;一類是具有濃厚“官商”色彩的徽商對官府無力的抗?fàn)幰鸬脑V訟。第五章主要介紹訴訟當(dāng)事人處于平等法律地位的訴訟,徽商憑借雄厚的財(cái)力,屢屢涉訟不止。第六章主要介紹徽商與官之間引發(fā)的法律地位不平等的訴訟,尤其壟斷兩淮鹽業(yè)的徽商遭到官府的肆意侵奪,此類訴訟充分說明了封建社會中商人低下的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會地位,也注定徽商為了保全身家而被迫不遺余力依附封建政治勢力,最終淪為封建性商幫,不可避免走向衰敗的悲劇性命運(yùn)�？芍丈痰摹昂迷A”亦非本性,而是環(huán)境使然。 第七章分析徽商不僅面對遠(yuǎn)途跋涉之勞、餐風(fēng)露宿之苦、驚濤駭浪之險(xiǎn)的“天災(zāi)”,還要面對來自社會上貪官污吏的肆意侵奪、眾多訴訟纏身的“人禍”。在缺乏國家法律制度的有效保護(hù)下,惟有主動依附封建政治勢力,鍛造出徽商“好訟”性格,也不可避免地給徽商的發(fā)展帶來三大弊害:經(jīng)營活動的成本加大、公平競爭秩序的失落和加大經(jīng)營之外的不確定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 第八章運(yùn)用中西比較的方法,回顧西方商人的發(fā)展歷史,從宏觀上比較中世紀(jì)商人和徽商兩者訴訟存在的巨大差異,分析徽商和中世紀(jì)商人注定不同命運(yùn)的法律根源。 以史為鑒,最終通過對徽商訴訟的深入研究和比較分析徽商與中世紀(jì)商人不同訴訟注定不同命運(yùn)的規(guī)律,希望能夠?yàn)槲覈?dāng)今市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革過程中,為立法者如何處理好“官”與“商”之間的和諧關(guān)系,提供正反兩方面歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
[Abstract]:Huizhou school has the reputation of "Shang Cheng Gang, academic school", Huizhou merchants and all kinds of Huizhou merchants cultural phenomenon, which have been the focus of the study of Huizhou culture. The traditional study method of Huizhou merchants is limited to the perspective of history, economics and sociology. Under the basic national policy of long term "heavy farming and restraining commerce", the businessman is in a very special social position. The research on the social status of the ancient merchants and the related litigation activities of businessmen should be one of the most important objects of attention of the scholars in the history of law. Under the background of law culture, the research method of law (Legal History) is used to examine the litigation activities of Huizhou merchants in Ming and Qing Dynasties, trying to open up a new field of the study of Huizhou merchants in the field of traditional EMBLEM study.
The first chapter, under the traditional legal culture background of "heavy farming and restraining commerce", analyzes the historical evolution process of the economic, political and ethical culture of the rulers of the successive dynasties, and examines the historical evolution process of the social status of businessmen under the law of "restraining commerce". It is found that the merchants have been in the period of the short development of the spring and autumn and the two song periods. The social status of restraining.
The second chapter mainly investigates the legal cultural factors that the Huizhou merchants can rapidly rise up under the tradition of "heavy farming and restraining commerce" in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The Huizhou merchants reformed the "relationship of reason and desire" to the government's theory of science and science, and integrated the "new four people theory" of "Confucianism and Confucianism", which provided the subjective conditions for the rise of Huizhou merchants; In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the rulers of the Ming and Qing Dynasties strengthened the commercial legislation of a series of "shirts", which provided the objective conditions for the rise of the Huizhou merchants. In view of the consistency of the narrow people in Huizhou and the pressure of survival, the clan law of Huizhou was constantly perfected, and the family members of the ethnic group were in business, providing a society for the rise of the Huizhou merchants. Conditions.
The third chapter discusses that under the value concept of "no litigation" in the official mainstream consciousness, because of the change of the social values in Huizhou, the improvement of the public's legal consciousness, the strong support of the clan forces, the intervention of the Huizhou merchants and the instigation of the lawsuit of the legal lawsuit, Huizhou has the wind of "litigious", although the Huizhou area is at all levels. The government has vigorously implemented the township agreements, and set up various measures to curb lawsuits, such as Dehua people, setting up various litigation obstacles.
The fourth chapter further analyzes the deep reasons of the special social group, Huizhou merchants, who are at the end of the four people. The further improvement of the relevant legal system of the state provides the legal basis for the Huizhou merchants to participate in the litigation; the two "Jia and good Confucianism" has strong legal consciousness, and the three are the most important. It is Hui merchants who spared no effort to cling to feudal political power and relied on the "political protection" of the government behind them.
The fifth and sixth chapters introduce and analyze the various litigation activities of Huizhou merchants, which are roughly divided into three types of litigation from the perspective of modern law: one is the lawsuit caused by the dispute of interest in the business process of Huizhou merchants, and the other is the lawsuit caused by the dispute between the Huizhou merchants and the local people. The fifth chapter mainly introduces the litigation of the litigants in the legal status of the litigants, and the Huizhou merchants rely on the abundant financial resources and repeatedly involved in the lawsuit. The sixth chapter mainly introduces the litigation of unequal legal status triggered by the Huizhou merchants and officials, especially the monopoly two. The huhuai merchants of the Huai salt industry were wanton invaded by the government. This kind of litigation fully explained the low political, economic and social status of the merchants in the feudal society. It also doomed Huizhou merchants to be forced to adhere to the feudal political forces and eventually become feudal commercial groups, which could not avoid the tragic fate of decline. The "litigious" is not the nature, but the environment.
The seventh chapter analyzes the Huizhou merchants not only to face the long journey, the hardships of the wind and night, the "natural disaster", but also the wanton invasion of the corrupt officials from the society, and the "human misfortune" which are entangled in many lawsuits. The character of "litigation" inevitably brings three major disadvantages to the development of Huizhou merchants: the increase in the cost of business activities, the loss of fair competition order and the uncertainty of the risk outside the operation of the business.
The eighth chapter uses the method of comparison between China and the west to review the history of the development of western merchants and compare the huge differences between the Medieval merchants and Huizhou merchants from the macro level, and analyze the legal origin of the different destinies of the Huizhou merchants and the Medieval merchants.
Taking history as a mirror, through the in-depth study and comparison of the Huizhou merchants' litigation, this paper analyzes the laws of different destinies that the Huizhou merchants and the Medieval merchants are doomed to different destinies. It is hoped that in the process of the reform of the current market economy system in our country, it will provide two historical experiences for the lawmakers to deal with the harmonious relationship between the "official" and "business".

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：D929

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 杜維霞;專業(yè)化視域下的明清訟師研究[D];華中師范大學(xué);2014年

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本文編號：1793929