本文關(guān)鍵詞： 歐盟環(huán)境責(zé)任 環(huán)境損害 恢復(fù)環(huán)境　出處：《中國(guó)政法大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)達(dá)20余年的立法過(guò)程,歐盟于2004年出臺(tái)了《關(guān)于預(yù)防和補(bǔ)救環(huán)境損害的環(huán)境責(zé)任2004/35/CE號(hào)指令》,建立了環(huán)境責(zé)任制度。歐盟環(huán)境責(zé)任并不是字面意義上的環(huán)境法律責(zé)任,而是歐盟針對(duì)環(huán)境損害建立起來(lái)的一種以恢復(fù)環(huán)境為主要救濟(jì)手段的行政責(zé)任機(jī)制。而環(huán)境損害僅僅指環(huán)境本體的損害,具體包括保護(hù)物種和自然棲息地?fù)p害、水體損害、土壤損害,排除了傳統(tǒng)的人身?yè)p害和財(cái)產(chǎn)損害。這種特殊責(zé)任機(jī)制的確立并非歐盟的本意,歐盟原本是希望建立一個(gè)涵蓋人身?yè)p害、財(cái)產(chǎn)損害和環(huán)境損害的民事責(zé)任機(jī)制,但是來(lái)自企業(yè)界和成員國(guó)的阻力過(guò)大,使得歐盟被迫轉(zhuǎn)變了立法思路和目的。 歐盟的環(huán)境責(zé)任制度只適用于環(huán)境損害,且不適用于大氣污染等分散性損害。歐盟環(huán)境責(zé)任機(jī)制提供了兩種歸責(zé)原則,對(duì)于明確列舉的危險(xiǎn)活動(dòng)造成的環(huán)境損害規(guī)定了嚴(yán)格責(zé)任,而對(duì)于未列舉的行為造成的保護(hù)物種和自然棲息地?fù)p害適用過(guò)錯(cuò)責(zé)任。歐盟環(huán)境責(zé)任要求成員國(guó)確定主管機(jī)關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)環(huán)境責(zé)任的執(zhí)行。在責(zé)任承擔(dān)方式上,首先適用預(yù)防損害和修復(fù)環(huán)境,其次才適用損害賠償。同時(shí)歐盟還規(guī)定了環(huán)境責(zé)任中的公眾參與和金融保障措施等輔助性手段,保障環(huán)境責(zé)任制度的實(shí)施。然而歐盟環(huán)境責(zé)任制度也存在不足,其規(guī)定的模糊性和重要內(nèi)容的留白,使得其在執(zhí)行過(guò)程中遇到許多困難。 我國(guó)目前正處在環(huán)境事故的高發(fā)期,歐盟環(huán)境責(zé)任確立的對(duì)于環(huán)境損害的救濟(jì)制度正是我國(guó)所缺失的。目前我國(guó)的環(huán)境法學(xué)理論中還沒(méi)有獨(dú)立的環(huán)境損害概念,導(dǎo)致請(qǐng)求環(huán)境事故造成的環(huán)境本體損害賠償缺乏法律基礎(chǔ)。另外我國(guó)也沒(méi)有建立起針對(duì)環(huán)境損害的救濟(jì)措施和求償制度,而我國(guó)學(xué)界力推的以公益訴訟救濟(jì)環(huán)境損害的設(shè)想,還有很多不足之處。所以學(xué)習(xí)歐盟,建立一個(gè)針對(duì)環(huán)境損害的行政救濟(jì)制度,成為我國(guó)未來(lái)完善環(huán)境法律責(zé)任制度的一個(gè)可行選擇。
[Abstract]:After more than 20 years of legislative process, in 2004, the European Union issued the Environmental liability Directive 2004 / 35 / CE on preventing and remediation of environmental damage, which established the environmental liability system. The EU environmental responsibility is not literally environmental legal liability. It is an administrative liability mechanism established by the European Union to restore the environment as the main relief means, and environmental damage only refers to the damage of the environmental ontology, including the damage to the protection of species and natural habitat, the damage to the water body, and the damage to the water body. Soil damage, excluding the traditional personal injury and property damage. The establishment of this special liability mechanism was not the intention of the European Union, which originally wanted to establish a civil liability mechanism covering personal injury, property damage and environmental damage. But too much resistance from business and member states forced the EU to change its legislative thinking and purpose. The EU environmental liability system only applies to environmental damage and does not apply to dispersed damage such as air pollution. The EU environmental liability mechanism provides two principles of imputation. Establishing strict liability for environmental damage caused by clearly listed hazardous activities, The EU environmental liability requires member States to determine that the competent authority is responsible for the enforcement of environmental liability. In terms of the manner of liability, First, prevention of damage and repair of the environment, and secondly, compensation for damage. At the same time, the EU also provides for public participation and financial safeguards in environmental liability. However, the environmental responsibility system of the European Union also has some shortcomings. The ambiguity of its provisions and the whiteness of its important contents make it difficult to carry out the environmental responsibility system. At present, China is in a period of high incidence of environmental accidents, and the relief system for environmental damage established by EU environmental liability is precisely lacking in our country. At present, there is no independent concept of environmental damage in the theory of environmental law in our country. There is no legal basis for the compensation for environmental damage caused by environmental accidents. In addition, there is no relief measure and compensation system for environmental damage in China, and the idea of relief of environmental damage by public interest litigation is strongly promoted by the academic circles in our country. Therefore, learning from the European Union and establishing an administrative relief system for environmental damage has become a feasible choice for our country to perfect the environmental legal liability system in the future.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D95

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