本文關(guān)鍵詞： 歐盟環(huán)境責任 環(huán)境損害 恢復環(huán)境　出處：《中國政法大學》2014年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：經(jīng)過長達20余年的立法過程,歐盟于2004年出臺了《關(guān)于預防和補救環(huán)境損害的環(huán)境責任2004/35/CE號指令》,建立了環(huán)境責任制度。歐盟環(huán)境責任并不是字面意義上的環(huán)境法律責任,而是歐盟針對環(huán)境損害建立起來的一種以恢復環(huán)境為主要救濟手段的行政責任機制。而環(huán)境損害僅僅指環(huán)境本體的損害,具體包括保護物種和自然棲息地損害、水體損害、土壤損害,排除了傳統(tǒng)的人身損害和財產(chǎn)損害。這種特殊責任機制的確立并非歐盟的本意,歐盟原本是希望建立一個涵蓋人身損害、財產(chǎn)損害和環(huán)境損害的民事責任機制,但是來自企業(yè)界和成員國的阻力過大,使得歐盟被迫轉(zhuǎn)變了立法思路和目的。 歐盟的環(huán)境責任制度只適用于環(huán)境損害,且不適用于大氣污染等分散性損害。歐盟環(huán)境責任機制提供了兩種歸責原則,對于明確列舉的危險活動造成的環(huán)境損害規(guī)定了嚴格責任,而對于未列舉的行為造成的保護物種和自然棲息地損害適用過錯責任。歐盟環(huán)境責任要求成員國確定主管機關(guān)負責環(huán)境責任的執(zhí)行。在責任承擔方式上,首先適用預防損害和修復環(huán)境,其次才適用損害賠償。同時歐盟還規(guī)定了環(huán)境責任中的公眾參與和金融保障措施等輔助性手段,保障環(huán)境責任制度的實施。然而歐盟環(huán)境責任制度也存在不足,其規(guī)定的模糊性和重要內(nèi)容的留白,使得其在執(zhí)行過程中遇到許多困難。 我國目前正處在環(huán)境事故的高發(fā)期,歐盟環(huán)境責任確立的對于環(huán)境損害的救濟制度正是我國所缺失的。目前我國的環(huán)境法學理論中還沒有獨立的環(huán)境損害概念,導致請求環(huán)境事故造成的環(huán)境本體損害賠償缺乏法律基礎(chǔ)。另外我國也沒有建立起針對環(huán)境損害的救濟措施和求償制度,而我國學界力推的以公益訴訟救濟環(huán)境損害的設(shè)想,還有很多不足之處。所以學習歐盟,建立一個針對環(huán)境損害的行政救濟制度,成為我國未來完善環(huán)境法律責任制度的一個可行選擇。
[Abstract]:After more than 20 years of legislative process, in 2004, the European Union issued the Environmental liability Directive 2004 / 35 / CE on preventing and remediation of environmental damage, which established the environmental liability system. The EU environmental responsibility is not literally environmental legal liability. It is an administrative liability mechanism established by the European Union to restore the environment as the main relief means, and environmental damage only refers to the damage of the environmental ontology, including the damage to the protection of species and natural habitat, the damage to the water body, and the damage to the water body. Soil damage, excluding the traditional personal injury and property damage. The establishment of this special liability mechanism was not the intention of the European Union, which originally wanted to establish a civil liability mechanism covering personal injury, property damage and environmental damage. But too much resistance from business and member states forced the EU to change its legislative thinking and purpose. The EU environmental liability system only applies to environmental damage and does not apply to dispersed damage such as air pollution. The EU environmental liability mechanism provides two principles of imputation. Establishing strict liability for environmental damage caused by clearly listed hazardous activities, The EU environmental liability requires member States to determine that the competent authority is responsible for the enforcement of environmental liability. In terms of the manner of liability, First, prevention of damage and repair of the environment, and secondly, compensation for damage. At the same time, the EU also provides for public participation and financial safeguards in environmental liability. However, the environmental responsibility system of the European Union also has some shortcomings. The ambiguity of its provisions and the whiteness of its important contents make it difficult to carry out the environmental responsibility system. At present, China is in a period of high incidence of environmental accidents, and the relief system for environmental damage established by EU environmental liability is precisely lacking in our country. At present, there is no independent concept of environmental damage in the theory of environmental law in our country. There is no legal basis for the compensation for environmental damage caused by environmental accidents. In addition, there is no relief measure and compensation system for environmental damage in China, and the idea of relief of environmental damage by public interest litigation is strongly promoted by the academic circles in our country. Therefore, learning from the European Union and establishing an administrative relief system for environmental damage has become a feasible choice for our country to perfect the environmental legal liability system in the future.
【學位授予單位】：中國政法大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D95

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