本文選題：筆跡鑒定 + 同一認(rèn)定�。� 參考：《華東政法大學(xué)》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：筆跡鑒定從誕生之日起,就在不斷探尋與解答這樣一項(xiàng)問題:案件中客觀存在的筆跡究竟源自于何人。可以說,準(zhǔn)確予以破題的關(guān)鍵,即如何通過筆跡來實(shí)現(xiàn)人身同一認(rèn)定之目的。因而,同一認(rèn)定亦被視之為筆跡鑒定,乃至整個司法鑒定領(lǐng)域的基本理論與核心基礎(chǔ)之一。20世紀(jì)50年代末期,同一認(rèn)定原理自前蘇聯(lián)傳入我國后,經(jīng)過國內(nèi)學(xué)者對其所進(jìn)行的論述與闡釋,筆跡鑒定領(lǐng)域中的同一認(rèn)定問題研究已形成一定理論基礎(chǔ)。其主要側(cè)重從概念界定、科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)、程序方法等角度進(jìn)行了相關(guān)研究。同時(shí),司法實(shí)踐中大量筆跡鑒定案例的存在,也為同一認(rèn)定研究提供了極為寶貴的經(jīng)驗(yàn)積累。但客觀而言,當(dāng)前筆跡鑒定領(lǐng)域中的同一認(rèn)定研究,多集中于經(jīng)驗(yàn)結(jié)構(gòu)與某一具體層面的探討,相關(guān)成果仍不甚豐厚。如何從理論體系與實(shí)證分析相結(jié)合的角度,對筆跡鑒定視域下的同一認(rèn)定進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)剖析與研究,則是當(dāng)前亟待解決的一項(xiàng)重要課題。故本文即立足于此,分別從學(xué)理定位、論證基礎(chǔ)、實(shí)務(wù)探析、證據(jù)應(yīng)用以及保障基石的多維視角,較為深入地對筆跡鑒定視域下的同一認(rèn)定予以了系統(tǒng)研究。全文含導(dǎo)論部分在內(nèi),共分為六章,總字?jǐn)?shù)約24萬,其具體內(nèi)容如下:導(dǎo)論部分中,筆者首先對筆跡鑒定視域下的同一認(rèn)定研究背景、研究意義予以了整體闡述。其次,針對國內(nèi)外筆跡鑒定及其同一認(rèn)定有關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)資料的梳理、闡釋與綜述,明確了當(dāng)前國內(nèi)外學(xué)界對于前述問題的研究現(xiàn)狀與現(xiàn)有成果。在此基礎(chǔ)上,得以對當(dāng)前筆跡鑒定領(lǐng)域中的同一認(rèn)定研究于以較為客觀的評價(jià)。對于當(dāng)前已較為完備且形成體系化的學(xué)術(shù)成果,可以為本文的研究提供諸多有益之借鑒;而經(jīng)過文獻(xiàn)研究與梳理所發(fā)現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)實(shí)不足與缺憾,則可以通過問題意識的引導(dǎo)與關(guān)注,以便于為本文研究過程中的系統(tǒng)探討與論證提供必要之鋪墊。最后,導(dǎo)論部分針對本文的研究方法與研究內(nèi)容等予以了系統(tǒng)闡釋與厘析。第一章系筆跡鑒定視域下的同一認(rèn)定學(xué)理定位。首先,本文側(cè)重于學(xué)理角度深入探討了同一認(rèn)定中的“同一”術(shù)語內(nèi)涵。鑒于當(dāng)前學(xué)界對于“同一”術(shù)語的不同闡釋與學(xué)說,本文從“同一”本質(zhì)要義的層面予以了分析與判斷,進(jìn)而提出對于“同一”術(shù)語的準(zhǔn)確理解。其次,本文通過“相似”、“相同”等與“同一”極易混淆的語詞辨析,強(qiáng)調(diào)了“同一”的實(shí)質(zhì)系客體自身與自身相同一。針對筆跡鑒定領(lǐng)域內(nèi)存在的同一認(rèn)定而言,本文從釋義解讀著手,不僅明晰了其學(xué)理界說與構(gòu)成要素,亦從理性認(rèn)知的角度對其予以了深入把握。筆跡鑒定實(shí)案中存在各類情形,雖會影響到同一認(rèn)定的具體模式,但無論是哪類模式,其所呈現(xiàn)出的特點(diǎn)卻基本一致。故本文分別著眼于模式分類與主要特點(diǎn)的觀察視角,對于筆跡鑒定中的同一認(rèn)定作出了分析與探討�？陀^而言,同一認(rèn)定活動存在的領(lǐng)域并不局限于筆跡鑒定。基于同一認(rèn)定的前述特性,本文選擇日常生活、刑事偵查以及其他鑒定中存在的同一認(rèn)定活動,與筆跡鑒定內(nèi)蘊(yùn)含的同一認(rèn)定之異同作出辨析與總結(jié)。最后,針對當(dāng)前筆跡鑒定領(lǐng)域內(nèi)有關(guān)同一認(rèn)定的質(zhì)疑與困惑,筆者亦予以全面梳理與歸納,以明晰各項(xiàng)亟待解決之問題。第二章系筆跡鑒定視域下的同一認(rèn)定論證基礎(chǔ)。在已過去的二十年內(nèi),一個對司法鑒定持有懷疑的時(shí)代已經(jīng)來臨。各類爭議與疑惑中,針對書寫人的同一認(rèn)定往往因其科學(xué)性的質(zhì)疑而處在了爭議的風(fēng)口浪尖。但同一認(rèn)定在筆跡鑒定領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的長期實(shí)踐與成效,已然印證了其在書寫人認(rèn)定同一方面的證明價(jià)值。考慮到唯有對其科學(xué)性予以論證,才能消解前述同一認(rèn)定所面臨的爭議與質(zhì)疑之聲。故本文分別從筆跡鑒定中的同一認(rèn)定客觀依據(jù)、檢驗(yàn)機(jī)理與科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)等本源出發(fā),對其科學(xué)性予以了系統(tǒng)論證與闡釋。第一,同一認(rèn)定的客觀依據(jù),決定了筆跡鑒定中是否能夠利用同一認(rèn)定活動來對書寫人作出認(rèn)定的關(guān)鍵所在。本文對于個體書寫習(xí)慣所呈現(xiàn)出的外在反映性、個體差異性以及相對穩(wěn)定性的深入認(rèn)識與闡釋,已然明晰前述三者作為筆跡鑒定中同一認(rèn)定必備要件的應(yīng)然之地位。第二,同一認(rèn)定的檢驗(yàn)機(jī)理,印證了緣何通過筆跡可以對書寫人予以同一認(rèn)定的思考。同時(shí),對于書寫技能與書寫習(xí)慣這兩項(xiàng)檢驗(yàn)機(jī)理的闡釋,亦提升了同一認(rèn)定在筆跡鑒定領(lǐng)域中的理論積淀。第三,同一認(rèn)定作為一項(xiàng)專門性認(rèn)識活動的背后,系由相應(yīng)科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)為其支撐依據(jù)。對于筆跡鑒定而言,其所涉及的同一認(rèn)定研究不僅涉及極為宏觀的哲理層面,亦涉及生理、心理與法理領(lǐng)域。故本文力圖從哲理、生理、心理、法理等多維視角出發(fā),對于筆跡鑒定中同一認(rèn)定所蘊(yùn)含的科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行較為系統(tǒng)與全面的分析與論述。第三章系筆跡鑒定視域下的同一認(rèn)定實(shí)務(wù)探析。除了從理論層面對于筆跡鑒定中的同一認(rèn)定予以系統(tǒng)研究外,其實(shí)務(wù)應(yīng)用的探討與完善亦是一項(xiàng)不容忽視之課題。筆跡鑒定視域下的同一認(rèn)定活動,唯有在檢案實(shí)踐的基礎(chǔ)上才能形成對于筆跡書寫人同一認(rèn)定的認(rèn)識結(jié)果。同一認(rèn)定作為一項(xiàng)認(rèn)識活動,具有若干相對獨(dú)立的認(rèn)識環(huán)節(jié)所組成的自身漸進(jìn)過程。但不同領(lǐng)域內(nèi)存在的同一認(rèn)定,通常會因其所處環(huán)境的差異而在操作規(guī)程上存有區(qū)別。故本文即著眼于筆跡鑒定領(lǐng)域的自身特點(diǎn),對其中所涉及的同一認(rèn)定操作規(guī)程予以考察與研究。檢案實(shí)務(wù)中對于筆跡書寫人的同一認(rèn)定,需要借助于對筆跡特征的比較與分析。其作為個體書寫習(xí)慣與書寫技能在筆跡中客觀外顯的各類征象,得以揭示出書寫習(xí)慣的個體差異性。故鑒定人須在對各類筆跡特征予以準(zhǔn)確認(rèn)識與研究的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)一步探索如何合理構(gòu)建與完善筆跡特征體系的應(yīng)用,進(jìn)而夯實(shí)其作為鑒別、判斷筆跡書寫人是否同一的科學(xué)依據(jù)。筆跡鑒定中的同一認(rèn)定實(shí)務(wù)活動,最終涉及到認(rèn)識結(jié)果,即同一認(rèn)定意見的形成。前述意見的得出,系依賴于科學(xué)技術(shù)與專門知識的推論,而非對于已發(fā)生事實(shí)之回憶。故其認(rèn)識結(jié)果的表述,實(shí)則為意見之判斷,而非事實(shí)之陳述。但檢案實(shí)務(wù)中,針對前述同一認(rèn)定意見表述方式而引發(fā)的困惑與疑慮時(shí)有發(fā)生。故本文在結(jié)合實(shí)證分析的基礎(chǔ)上,對于其同一認(rèn)定意見表述的現(xiàn)狀與困惑予以了深入考察,并提出優(yōu)化和完善同一認(rèn)定意見表述方式的若干建議。第四章系筆跡鑒定視域下的同一認(rèn)定證據(jù)應(yīng)用。筆跡鑒定領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的同一認(rèn)定作為一項(xiàng)科學(xué)認(rèn)識活動,其結(jié)論性意見對于各類訴訟而言具有極為重要的證據(jù)價(jià)值。然而,前述同一認(rèn)定意見在證據(jù)審查與應(yīng)用過程中存在的現(xiàn)實(shí)困惑與沖突,削弱了其自身應(yīng)然之價(jià)值。為此,本文基于證據(jù)學(xué)的角度出發(fā),對于筆跡同一認(rèn)定意見的證據(jù)內(nèi)涵、證據(jù)特點(diǎn)予以厘析,并明確其在訴訟活動中所應(yīng)擔(dān)負(fù)之使命。三大訴訟法規(guī)定,證據(jù)須經(jīng)查證屬實(shí),才能作為定案之依據(jù)。筆跡同一認(rèn)定意見作為法定證據(jù)形式之一,亦不得凌駕于法律對于證據(jù)審查的規(guī)定之上。然而,認(rèn)識層面上的觀念偏頗以及缺乏統(tǒng)一的審查規(guī)則,往往令筆跡同一認(rèn)定意見的審查流于形式,甚至未經(jīng)查證屬實(shí),即作為案件事實(shí)認(rèn)定之依據(jù)。針對這一現(xiàn)實(shí)不足與缺陷,本文從域外筆跡同一認(rèn)定意見審查制度的考察與分析入手,以探求域外發(fā)達(dá)國家在證據(jù)審查上的成熟經(jīng)驗(yàn)與做法。所謂“他山之石,可以攻玉”。通過對于部分發(fā)達(dá)國家的筆跡同一認(rèn)定意見審查之考察,無疑可以從中抽象并歸納出域外筆跡同一認(rèn)定意見審查的有益經(jīng)驗(yàn)與積累,并為我國筆跡同一認(rèn)定意見審查的應(yīng)然構(gòu)建提供若干之啟示。鑒于司法實(shí)踐中,針對筆跡同一認(rèn)定意見爭議與矛盾時(shí)有發(fā)生的現(xiàn)狀,本文著重對爭議產(chǎn)生的源流以及沖突主要涉及之對象予以了綜合考量。在梳理爭議沖突產(chǎn)生源流的基礎(chǔ)上,本文從本質(zhì)層面揭示了爭議與沖突背后所隱藏并衍生出的相應(yīng)問題,并以此為前提探索筆跡同一認(rèn)定意見爭議解決與調(diào)適的合理化路徑。第五章系筆跡鑒定視域下的同一認(rèn)定保障基石。筆跡鑒定中同一認(rèn)定活動的科學(xué)性與可靠性,直接影響到其認(rèn)識結(jié)果是否可以作為訴訟證據(jù)為法庭所采納、采信。前述專門性活動的科學(xué)性、可靠性保障,即需要對影響其質(zhì)量的要素實(shí)行有效控制,使其有章可循,有據(jù)可查,確保這一專門性活動“行為公正、程序、規(guī)范、方法科學(xué)、數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)確、結(jié)論可靠”。然而,質(zhì)量監(jiān)控在筆跡同一認(rèn)定中的起步較晚,實(shí)踐中亦存在諸多影響筆跡同一認(rèn)定意見的因素。鑒此,本文在對前述因素予以深入分析與考量后,針對影響筆跡同一認(rèn)定質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵要素,從主體資格、材料流轉(zhuǎn)、鑒定過程、判斷依據(jù)以及報(bào)告出具等方面,提出若干強(qiáng)化筆跡同一認(rèn)定質(zhì)量的實(shí)施性規(guī)則。此外,筆跡鑒定領(lǐng)域內(nèi)對于書寫人的認(rèn)定,多依賴于鑒定人的主觀經(jīng)驗(yàn)與知識結(jié)構(gòu)。相關(guān)技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的長期缺失,一定層面上制約了同一認(rèn)定活動的可靠程度。故本文在筆跡同一認(rèn)定技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)完善與實(shí)施方面所提出的相關(guān)建議,亦可在一定程度上保障筆跡同一認(rèn)定意見的科學(xué)性與可靠性。
[Abstract]:From the date of birth, handwriting identification is constantly exploring and answering such a question: what is the origin of the objective handwriting in the case. It can be said that the key to the correct problem, that is, how to realize the identity of the same person through handwriting. Therefore, the same identification is also regarded as a handwriting identification, and even the whole judicial identification collar. One of the basic theories and core bases of the domain is the end of the 50s of.20 century. After the same cognizance principle was introduced into our country from the former Soviet Union, the research on the same cognizance in the field of handwriting identification has formed a certain theoretical basis after the introduction of the former Soviet Union to China, and the study of the same cognizance in the field of handwriting identification has formed a certain theoretical basis. At the same time, the existence of a large number of handwriting identification cases in judicial practice also provides very valuable experience for the same cognizance research. But objectively, the current research on the same identification in the field of handwriting identification is concentrated on the experience structure and a specific level, and the related results are still not very rich. The systematic analysis and Research on the same identification in the perspective of handwriting identification is an important issue to be solved at the point of view of the combination of theoretical system and empirical analysis. Therefore, this paper is based on this, from the theoretical orientation, demonstration basis, practical analysis, evidence should be used and the multi-dimensional perspective of guaranteeing the cornerstone, and more deeply to the pen. There are six chapters in the full text including the introduction part, which are divided into six chapters, and the total number of words is about 240 thousand. The specific contents are as follows: in the introduction part, the author first expounds the research background and the significance of the same identification in the field of handwriting identification. Secondly, it aims at the identification of handwriting and the same one at home and abroad. To identify the relevant literature, explain and summarize, clarify the current research status and existing achievements of the domestic and foreign academic circles on the foregoing problems. On this basis, it is able to objectively evaluate the same cognizance research in the field of the current handwriting identification. In order to provide some useful references for this study, the shortcomings and shortcomings found in the literature study and combing can be guided and concerned by the problem consciousness so as to provide the necessary paving for the systematic discussion and demonstration in the process of this study. Finally, the introduction is aimed at the research methods and research contents of this article. The first chapter focuses on the connotation of the same term in the same cognizance. In view of the different interpretations and theories of the "same" term in the current academic circles, this article from the essential meaning of the "same" is given. With the analysis and judgment, the exact understanding of the "same" term is put forward. Secondly, this article, through the discrimination of "similarity" and "the same" and "the same", emphasizes that the object of "the same" is the same as itself. In terms of the identity of the identity in the field of handwriting identification, this article from the interpretation of the definition It not only clears its theory of theory and elements, but also makes a deep grasp of it from the point of view of rational cognition. Although there are various kinds of cases in the case of handwriting identification, although it will affect the specific pattern of the same cognizance, no matter which pattern it is, the special points are basically the same. Therefore, this paper focuses on the pattern classification respectively. With the observation angle of the main characteristics, the author makes an analysis and discussion about the identity in the identification of handwriting. Objectively, the domain of the same identification activity is not limited to the handwriting identification. Based on the characteristics of the same cognizance, this article chooses the daily life, the criminal investigation and the same identification activities in his identification, and the handwriting appraisal. In the end, in view of the questions and puzzles about the same cognizance in the field of handwriting identification, the author also gives a comprehensive review and induction to clarify the problems to be solved urgently. The second chapter is the basis of the same identification in the field of handwriting identification. In the past twenty years, An era of suspicion of judicial expertise has come. In various disputes and doubts, the identity of the writer is often at the top of the dispute because of its scientific doubts. But the long-term practice and effectiveness of the same identification in the field of handwriting has confirmed the proof of the identity of the writer in the same aspect. Value. Considering only the argument of its scientific nature, we can eliminate the controversy and question that the same cognizance is faced with. Therefore, this paper gives a systematic evidence and interpretation of its scientific nature from the objective basis of identification in the identification, the basis of the inspection mechanism and the scientific basis. It is the key to determine whether the handwriting identification can use the same cognizance activity to make a cognizance to the writer. In this paper, the in-depth understanding and interpretation of the external reflection, individual difference and relative stability presented by the individual writing habits have clearly defined the three necessary elements of the same identification in the handwriting identification. Second, the test mechanism of the same cognizance proves the reason why the writer can give the same cognizance to the writer through the handwriting. At the same time, the explanation of the two inspection mechanisms of writing skills and writing habits also enhances the accumulation of the same cognizance in the field of handwriting identification. Third, the same identification as a special recognition. Behind the knowledge activities, the Department is supported by the corresponding scientific basis. For the identification of handwriting, the same cognizance research involves not only the very macro philosophical level, but also the physiological, psychological and jurisprudential fields. Therefore, this paper makes the same identification of the handwriting identification from the perspectives of philosophy, physiology, psychology and law. The third chapter is the analysis and analysis of the same cognizance in the field of handwriting identification. In addition to the systematic study of the same cognizance in the identification of handwriting from the theoretical level, the discussion and improvement of its practical application are also a subject that can not be ignored. The same cognizance activity, only on the basis of the case practice, can form the cognitive result of the identity of the handwriting writer. As a cognitive activity, the same cognizance is a gradual process consisting of a number of relatively independent cognitive links. However, the same cognizance in different fields is usually due to the difference of its environment. There is a difference in the operating rules. Therefore, this article focuses on the characteristics of the field of handwriting identification, and investigates and studies the same cognizance operation rules involved in it. In the case of the case, the identity of handwriting writers should be compared and analyzed. On the basis of accurate understanding and study of all kinds of handwriting characteristics, the appraisers should further explore how to construct and perfect the application of the handwriting characteristic system, and then consolidate it as the identification and judge whether the handwriting person is identical or not. Scientific basis. The same cognizance practice in the identification of handwriting ultimately involves the result of cognition, that is, the formation of the same cognizance. The conclusion of the foregoing is dependent on the inference of science and technology and expertise, not the recollection of the facts that have occurred. Therefore, the statement of the results of the knowledge is the judgment of the opinion, not the statement of the facts. However, in the case of the case, the confusion and doubts arising from the expression of the same cognizance opinion have occurred. Therefore, on the basis of the empirical analysis, this paper makes a thorough investigation on the present situation and confusion of the same affirmation opinion, and puts forward some suggestions to optimize and improve the expression of the same opinion. The fourth chapter is a series of suggestions. In the field of handwriting identification, the same identification evidence is applied. The same cognizance in the field of handwriting identification is a scientific cognition activity, and its concluding comments have very important evidence value for all kinds of litigation. However, the same cognizance opinion weakens the actual confusion and conflict in the examination and application of evidence. On the basis of evidence science, this paper analyzes the connotation of evidence, the characteristics of evidence and its mission in litigation. The three major procedural laws stipulate that the evidence must be verified and verified as a basis for the decision. One of the forms of definite evidence should not be overriding the law's regulations on the examination of evidence. However, the bias of ideas and the lack of a unified review rule often make the examination of the same identification of the handwriting flow in the form, or even without the evidence, as the basis for the fact of the case. This article begins with the investigation and analysis of the examination system of the same recognition opinion in the foreign countries, in order to find out the mature experience and practice of the developed countries in the evidence review. In view of the current situation in the judicial practice, in view of the current situation in the judicial practice, the origin of the controversy and the conflict are mainly concerned. On the basis of combing the origin of the conflict and conflict, this paper reveals the corresponding problems hidden behind the dispute and conflict from the essential level, and explores the rationalization path of the resolution and adjustment of the same cognizance dispute. The fifth chapter is the same identification guarantee under the perspective of handwriting identification. Cornerstone. The scientificity and reliability of the same identification activity in the identification of handwriting directly affects whether the results of the recognition can be adopted as a litigation evidence for the court, the scientific nature and reliability guarantee of the previous specialized activities, that is, the need for effective control of the factors affecting its quality, so that it can follow the rules, and ensure this A special activity "behavior justice, procedure, standard, method science, accurate data, reliable conclusion". However, quality monitoring in the same identification of handwriting is late, in practice there are many factors that affect the same identification. To identify the key elements of quality, from the aspects of subject qualification, material circulation, identification process, judgment basis and report issue, some enforcement rules are put forward to strengthen the same quality of handwriting. In addition, the identification of handwriting in the field of handwriting depends on the subjective experience and structure of knowledge. Long term deletion restricts the reliability of the same cognizance activity at a certain level. Therefore, the relevant suggestions on the perfection and implementation of the same identification technical standard in this paper can also guarantee the scientificity and reliability of the same cognizance opinion to a certain extent.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D918.92

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