法律視角下的周漢反教案
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-12-18 19:29
【摘要】：晚清叔世,隨著不平等條約的訂立,西洋商貨、器械、兵制、法律、禮儀不斷涌入中國(guó),曾經(jīng)備受壓制的西洋宗教亦獲得了新的發(fā)展。同明末的局面不同,清末基督教遭到普遍敵視與抵制,頻繁爆發(fā)的民教沖突成為晚清社會(huì)一大動(dòng)蕩之源。觀念、文化以及法律適用上的差異造成《大清律例》在處理教案這一類案件時(shí)不自覺(jué)地陷入了難以擺脫的困境。筆者選取19世紀(jì)90年代發(fā)生的周漢反教案件進(jìn)行分析,試圖從中挖掘出一些具有代表性意義的特征。 論文包括導(dǎo)言、正文、結(jié)語(yǔ)三個(gè)部分。其中正文部分包括三個(gè)章節(jié)。 導(dǎo)言簡(jiǎn)述清末教案的時(shí)間、數(shù)量和程度,以及筆者選擇周漢反教案件的原因。 正文第一章回顧了周漢反教案件的大體案情。1890年代初的“長(zhǎng)江教案”是周漢反教案的先聲,長(zhǎng)江中下游流域在短時(shí)間內(nèi)頻頻爆發(fā)規(guī)模較大的打教案件,使得西方傳教士和外交官認(rèn)定背后必定有較高級(jí)別的中國(guó)官紳指使、挑唆。英國(guó)傳教士楊格非在湖北境內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)大量反教書文揭帖后呈送英國(guó)駐漢口領(lǐng)事,同時(shí)其他各國(guó)也不斷搜集到類似文件。所有的矛頭都指向閑居在湖南長(zhǎng)沙的鄉(xiāng)紳周漢。總理衙門向時(shí)任湖廣總督的張之洞施加壓力,張之洞遂于光緒十八年(1892年)將周漢革職;數(shù)年后,于國(guó)勢(shì)艱危、時(shí)局吃緊之際,周漢再度大量散布反教揭帖,時(shí)任湖南巡撫的陳寶箴果斷引用律例中的瘋病例,判處周漢長(zhǎng)期監(jiān)禁。此案遂告終結(jié)。 正文第二章主要討論該案司法模式中的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題。通過(guò)研究相關(guān)奏折、電文、供詞等原始文件,提出并分析了四個(gè)問(wèn)題,分別是罪名的認(rèn)定問(wèn)題、“如有別項(xiàng)劣跡,奏明酌量辦理”問(wèn)題、為達(dá)到政治效果而將人強(qiáng)行入罪的司法不公正問(wèn)題以及反教官紳的法律素養(yǎng)問(wèn)題。這幾個(gè)問(wèn)題不但反映出教案司法處理過(guò)程中的一些普遍問(wèn)題,也折射出中華法系自身的某些缺陷。 正文第三章以周漢反教案為例,探討教案的文化沖突意義以及法律與宗教、法律與信仰自由的問(wèn)題。筆者認(rèn)為文化沖突原因在以往的研究中被低估,要從根本上解決這一沖突,唯一的方法就是,法律能夠真正保障人民的信仰自由權(quán)利。而這一點(diǎn)又是以“務(wù)使百官萬(wàn)民畏名義而重犯法”1為基本宗旨的《大清律例》所無(wú)法提供的。因此,在中華法系的框架內(nèi)圓滿解決教案的努力,終究無(wú)法獲得最終的成功。 結(jié)語(yǔ)部分對(duì)文章進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)要的總結(jié)。
[Abstract]:In the late Qing Dynasty, with the making of unequal treaties, western merchants, equipment, military system, law, etiquette and so on, the western religion, which was once oppressed, got new development. Different from the situation in the late Ming Dynasty, Christianity met with widespread hostility and resistance in the late Qing Dynasty, and frequent civil and religious conflicts became a major source of turbulence in the late Qing Dynasty. The differences in concept, culture and application of the law caused the Qing Dynasty to fall into a difficult position when dealing with the case of teaching plan. In order to find out some representative features, the author chooses the anti-religion cases of Zhou and Han dynasties in the 1890s to analyze. The thesis includes three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The text includes three chapters. The introduction briefly describes the time, quantity and degree of the teaching cases in the late Qing Dynasty and the reasons why the author chose the anti-religious cases in the Zhou and Han dynasties. The first chapter of the text reviews the general facts of the anti-religion cases in the Zhou and Han dynasties. In the early 1890s, the "Yangtze River teaching case" was the forerunner of the Zhou and Han anti-religion cases, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River frequently broke out the large-scale anti-teaching cases in a short period of time. Western missionaries and diplomats believe that there must be a higher level of Chinese officials and gentry, instigated. Yang Gefei, an English missionary, discovered a large number of anti-teaching articles in Hubei and sent them to the British Consul in Hankou, while other countries kept collecting similar documents. All the spearheads were directed at the squire Zhou Han, who lived idle in Changsha, Hunan. Premier Yamen put pressure on Zhang Zhidong, who was then governor of Huguang, and then Zhang Zhidong dismissed Zhou and Han in 18 years (1892). A few years later, at a time when the country was struggling and the situation was tight, Zhou Han was again widely spreading anti-religious postings. Chen Baozhen, then governor of Hunan Province, was sentenced to a long prison term by citing the crazy cases in the statutes. The case was concluded. The second chapter mainly discusses several problems in the judicial model of this case. By studying the original documents, such as related notes, messages and confessions, this paper puts forward and analyzes four problems, namely, the problem of the determination of the charges, the problem of "making clear the discretion to deal with the misdeeds", In order to achieve the political effect, the judicial injustice of forcing people into crime and the legal literacy of anti-instructors and gentry are also discussed. These problems not only reflect some common problems in the course of judicial handling of teaching cases, but also reflect some defects of Chinese legal system itself. The third chapter discusses the significance of cultural conflict and the freedom of law and religion, law and belief. The author thinks that the cause of cultural conflict has been underestimated in the past. The only way to solve this conflict is that the law can truly guarantee the people's right to freedom of belief. However, this point can not be provided by the Qing Law, which aims at reoffending the people in the name of "making a hundred officials feared by the people". Therefore, in the framework of the Chinese legal system, successful efforts to resolve teaching plans, ultimately can not achieve final success. The conclusion part makes a brief summary of the article.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：D929
本文編號(hào)：2386385
[Abstract]:In the late Qing Dynasty, with the making of unequal treaties, western merchants, equipment, military system, law, etiquette and so on, the western religion, which was once oppressed, got new development. Different from the situation in the late Ming Dynasty, Christianity met with widespread hostility and resistance in the late Qing Dynasty, and frequent civil and religious conflicts became a major source of turbulence in the late Qing Dynasty. The differences in concept, culture and application of the law caused the Qing Dynasty to fall into a difficult position when dealing with the case of teaching plan. In order to find out some representative features, the author chooses the anti-religion cases of Zhou and Han dynasties in the 1890s to analyze. The thesis includes three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The text includes three chapters. The introduction briefly describes the time, quantity and degree of the teaching cases in the late Qing Dynasty and the reasons why the author chose the anti-religious cases in the Zhou and Han dynasties. The first chapter of the text reviews the general facts of the anti-religion cases in the Zhou and Han dynasties. In the early 1890s, the "Yangtze River teaching case" was the forerunner of the Zhou and Han anti-religion cases, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River frequently broke out the large-scale anti-teaching cases in a short period of time. Western missionaries and diplomats believe that there must be a higher level of Chinese officials and gentry, instigated. Yang Gefei, an English missionary, discovered a large number of anti-teaching articles in Hubei and sent them to the British Consul in Hankou, while other countries kept collecting similar documents. All the spearheads were directed at the squire Zhou Han, who lived idle in Changsha, Hunan. Premier Yamen put pressure on Zhang Zhidong, who was then governor of Huguang, and then Zhang Zhidong dismissed Zhou and Han in 18 years (1892). A few years later, at a time when the country was struggling and the situation was tight, Zhou Han was again widely spreading anti-religious postings. Chen Baozhen, then governor of Hunan Province, was sentenced to a long prison term by citing the crazy cases in the statutes. The case was concluded. The second chapter mainly discusses several problems in the judicial model of this case. By studying the original documents, such as related notes, messages and confessions, this paper puts forward and analyzes four problems, namely, the problem of the determination of the charges, the problem of "making clear the discretion to deal with the misdeeds", In order to achieve the political effect, the judicial injustice of forcing people into crime and the legal literacy of anti-instructors and gentry are also discussed. These problems not only reflect some common problems in the course of judicial handling of teaching cases, but also reflect some defects of Chinese legal system itself. The third chapter discusses the significance of cultural conflict and the freedom of law and religion, law and belief. The author thinks that the cause of cultural conflict has been underestimated in the past. The only way to solve this conflict is that the law can truly guarantee the people's right to freedom of belief. However, this point can not be provided by the Qing Law, which aims at reoffending the people in the name of "making a hundred officials feared by the people". Therefore, in the framework of the Chinese legal system, successful efforts to resolve teaching plans, ultimately can not achieve final success. The conclusion part makes a brief summary of the article.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：D929
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