【摘要】：進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)以來(lái),隨著全球變暖趨勢(shì)的進(jìn)一步加大,惡劣自然災(zāi)害的不斷涌現(xiàn),環(huán)境問(wèn)題史無(wú)前例地成為高懸于人類頭頂?shù)倪_(dá)摩克利斯之劍。雖國(guó)際社會(huì)積極應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化并取得了原則性和階段性的成果,但由于發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和發(fā)展中國(guó)家不同的利益訴求導(dǎo)致的立場(chǎng)分歧,關(guān)鍵的減排責(zé)任分配問(wèn)題一直懸而未決。隨著《京都議定書(shū)》一期減排任務(wù)的到期,全球新一輪減排責(zé)任分配即將重新洗牌。 在此背景下,美國(guó)眾議院于2009年6月通過(guò)了《清潔能源與安全法案》,提出了總量限制交易為核心的溫室氣體調(diào)控方法。該調(diào)控并非僅針對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè),還對(duì)進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品提出了要求,即國(guó)際儲(chǔ)備配額制度。該制度要求2020年1月1日之后進(jìn)入美國(guó)關(guān)稅領(lǐng)域的覆蓋產(chǎn)品購(gòu)買(mǎi)和提交一定數(shù)量的配額。由于多邊貿(mào)易體制下一國(guó)的貿(mào)易管制措施應(yīng)當(dāng)與WTO規(guī)則相一致,這項(xiàng)對(duì)于發(fā)展中國(guó)家尤其是我國(guó)而言打擊性甚大的制度在WTO框架下的合法性問(wèn)題非常值得探討。 本文共分五個(gè)部分：第一部分關(guān)注環(huán)境保護(hù)與自由貿(mào)易沖突下的國(guó)際儲(chǔ)備配額制度,首先介紹該制度的產(chǎn)生背景、主要內(nèi)容與設(shè)計(jì)目的,并對(duì)其特征進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)要分析,其次由國(guó)際儲(chǔ)備配額制度引出環(huán)境保護(hù)與自由貿(mào)易的沖突,并分析了產(chǎn)生沖突的根源,由此引出第二部分關(guān)于國(guó)際儲(chǔ)備配額制度與多邊貿(mào)易體制的關(guān)系分析；第二部分首先通過(guò)介紹WTO在環(huán)境保護(hù)問(wèn)題上的發(fā)展歷程來(lái)表明WTO對(duì)于環(huán)境保護(hù)的立場(chǎng),其次強(qiáng)調(diào)WTO與UNEP的聯(lián)合報(bào)告不能作為國(guó)際儲(chǔ)備配額制度的合法依據(jù),最后提出國(guó)際儲(chǔ)備配額制度應(yīng)當(dāng)符合WTO規(guī)則,從而引出第三、第四部分的分析；第三部分主要將國(guó)際儲(chǔ)備配額制度與GATT一般義務(wù)進(jìn)行比對(duì),得出其不能符合GATT一般義務(wù)的結(jié)論,由此進(jìn)入第四部分的分析；第四部分先后分析國(guó)際儲(chǔ)備配額制度能否符合GATT第20條子條款和引言部分的要求,以此考察該制度能否滿足GATT第20條一般例外條款的豁免條件；第五部分則立足以上分析,提出中國(guó)應(yīng)當(dāng)如何應(yīng)對(duì)美國(guó)國(guó)際儲(chǔ)備配額制度。
[Abstract]:Since the beginning of the 21st century, with the increasing trend of global warming and the continuous emergence of severe natural disasters, environmental problems have become the sword of Damocles hanging above the human head in an unprecedented way. Although the international community has actively dealt with climate change and achieved principled and phased results, due to different interests of developed and developing countries, the key issue of the allocation of responsibility for emission reduction has been unresolved. With the expiration of the Kyoto Protocol, a new round of global emissions reduction responsibilities will be reshuffled. In this context, the US House of Representatives passed the Clean Energy and Security Act in June 2009, and proposed a greenhouse gas regulation method with the transaction of total limitation as the core. This regulation not only for domestic enterprises, but also for imported products, that is, the international reserve quota system. The system requires the purchase and submission of quotas for covered products entering the United States tariff area after January 1, 2020. Since the trade control measures of a country under the multilateral trading system should be consistent with the WTO rules, the legitimacy of the system, which is highly offensive to developing countries, especially China, under the framework of WTO, is worth discussing. This paper is divided into five parts: the first part focuses on the international reserve quota system under the conflict of environmental protection and free trade. Firstly, it introduces the background, main content and design purpose of the system, and analyzes its characteristics briefly. Secondly, the conflict between environmental protection and free trade is brought out by the international reserve quota system, and the source of the conflict is analyzed. The second part is about the relationship between the international reserve quota system and the multilateral trading system. The second part firstly introduces the development of WTO on environmental protection to show the position of WTO on environmental protection, and then emphasizes that the joint report of WTO and UNEP cannot be regarded as the legal basis of international reserve quota system. Finally, the author puts forward that the international reserve quota system should conform to the WTO rules, which leads to the analysis of the third part and the fourth part. The third part mainly compares the international reserve quota system with the general obligation of GATT, and draws the conclusion that it can not accord with the general obligation of GATT, and thus enters the analysis of the fourth part. The fourth part analyzes whether the international reserve quota system can meet the requirements of Article 20 of GATT and the introduction part, so as to see if the system can meet the exemption conditions of the general exception clause of Article 20 of GATT. The fifth part is based on the above analysis, and puts forward how China should deal with the American international reserve quota system.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D971.2;D996.1

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