發(fā)布時間：2018-09-12 16:52

【摘要】：王夫之的經(jīng)濟(jì)法律思想是建筑在唯物史觀基礎(chǔ)上,融其經(jīng)濟(jì)思想和法律思想于爐的科學(xué)理論體系。但是,王夫之一生所著多為哲學(xué)著作,因此后人大多關(guān)注其哲學(xué)思想,鮮有對其經(jīng)濟(jì)法律思想進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的研究,這在一定程度上妨礙了人們對王夫之經(jīng)濟(jì)法律思想的充分認(rèn)識和利用。 王夫之雖然沒有寫過專門的經(jīng)濟(jì)法律問題的著作,他對經(jīng)濟(jì)法律方面問題的論述散見于從中年至暮年的眾多著述中,但是,王夫之的經(jīng)濟(jì)法律思想依然具有內(nèi)容豐富、見解獨特的特點。特別是在《讀通鑒論》中,王夫之從制度層面和運行層面對經(jīng)濟(jì)法律問題作了深入淺出的闡釋,使得他的經(jīng)濟(jì)法律思想在這里有著較為完整和集中的表現(xiàn)。這正是本文以此為研究重點的緣由。筆者對王夫之原著進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)研讀和分類整理,既是研究的基礎(chǔ)也是研究的基本方法。作為一種對王夫之經(jīng)濟(jì)法律思想的研究,王夫之一直注重并遵循的歷史分析法和整體分析法,也是本文的重要研究方法。 通過研究,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)：王夫之的經(jīng)濟(jì)法律思想是其多方面理論成就的綜合反映,他的經(jīng)濟(jì)法律思想的過人之處,在于緊密聯(lián)系經(jīng)濟(jì)法律制度產(chǎn)生和運行的社會歷史條件,進(jìn)而得出古人制定的經(jīng)濟(jì)法律制度不一定適合后人所處的社會條件的科學(xué)結(jié)論。他的經(jīng)濟(jì)法律主要內(nèi)容包括土地法思想、稅法思想以及禁榷法思想。 在土地法思想方面,王夫之主張一切土地的改革必須以承認(rèn)土地私有為前提,土地的自由買賣是歷史必然。基于此,他論證了均田制在郡縣制下不可行,是違反歷史演進(jìn)規(guī)律的。王夫之還考察了曹魏的屯田制,總結(jié)了其六大優(yōu)點和實施所需要的條件,并以此告誡后人不能直接照搬前人的土地制度。 在稅法思想方面,王夫之主張高額的口稅,反對地稅。他從法理和實踐情況兩個方面詳細(xì)論證了口稅更為合理。具體到歷史上,王夫之認(rèn)為唐代的租庸調(diào)制乃是最為理想的稅種。對于歷史上出現(xiàn)的土貢制度,王夫之認(rèn)為其是最容易滋生流弊的稅種,應(yīng)當(dāng)堅決廢除。關(guān)于稅額問題,王夫之對古代的“十一而賦”進(jìn)行了實際考察,并找出了理論之稅和實際之稅差別巨大的原因。王夫之在考察了楊炎的兩稅法后指出,雜稅不斷并入正稅是賦稅不斷增加的一個重要誘因。關(guān)于賦稅的征管形式,王夫之認(rèn)為征收貨幣比征收實物更為便利。關(guān)于稅額的征收時間,王夫之認(rèn)為無論是早征,還是晚征,都會對國家和百姓造成危害。 在禁榷法思想方面,王夫之的榷鹽思想經(jīng)歷了贊同官運、官銷榷鹽思想,至后來商運、商銷思想的變化。雖然王夫之贊同食鹽專賣,但是卻不贊成鐵器、酒曲專賣或抽稅。他認(rèn)為鐵器、酒曲的專賣實質(zhì)是把負(fù)擔(dān)轉(zhuǎn)嫁到農(nóng)民身上 王夫之對中國傳統(tǒng)法制的理解是深刻的,加之他遵循了歷史性和整體性的分析方法,所以他的經(jīng)濟(jì)法律思想具有鮮明的現(xiàn)實性的理論品格。但是也正因為王夫之對傳統(tǒng)法制理解深刻,所以也極易受到傳統(tǒng)的束縛,因此他的經(jīng)濟(jì)法律思想又具有一定的局限性。當(dāng)然,如果將王夫之放在特定的歷史條件下考察,就不難理解他的經(jīng)濟(jì)法律思想中的局限性了。
[Abstract]:Wang Fuzhi's economic and legal thought is a scientific and theoretical system based on historical materialism and fused with his economic thought and legal thought in the oven. However, most of his works are philosophical works in his life, so the later generations pay more attention to his philosophical thought and seldom study his economic and legal thought systematically, which hinders people to a certain extent. We fully understand and make use of Wang Fuzhi's economic and legal thoughts.
Although Wang Fu-zhi has not written any special works on economic and legal issues, his exposition of economic and legal issues is scattered in many writings from middle age to old age, but his economic and legal thoughts are still rich in content and unique in insights. Especially in Reading General Enlightenment, Wang Fu-zhi is from the institutional level and operational level. Facing the economic and legal problems, the author makes a thorough and simple explanation, which makes his economic and legal thoughts have a more complete and centralized expression here. This is the reason why this paper is the focus of the study. One of Wang Fu-zhi's economic and legal thoughts has always paid attention to and followed the historical analysis method and the overall analysis method, which is also an important research method of this paper.
Through the study, we find that Wang Fuzhi's economic and legal thought is a comprehensive reflection of his theoretical achievements in many aspects. His economic and legal thought is outstanding because it is closely related to the social and historical conditions for the emergence and operation of the economic and legal system, and then it is concluded that the economic and legal system formulated by the ancients may not necessarily be suitable for the future generations. The main contents of his economic law include land law thought, tax law thought and forbidden law thought.
On the thought of land law, Wang Fu-zhi advocated that all land reform must be based on the recognition of private ownership of land, and that the free sale of land is a historical necessity. Based on this, he argued that the system of land equalization was not feasible under the county system and violated the law of historical evolution. The conditions needed, and this cautioned that posterity could not copy the land system of their predecessors directly.
In terms of tax law, Wang Fu-zhi advocated high oral taxes and opposed local taxes. He argued in detail that oral taxes were more reasonable from two aspects of law and practice. On the issue of tax amount, Wang Fuzhi made a practical investigation of the ancient "Eleventh and Tax" and found out the reasons for the huge difference between the theoretical tax and the actual tax. In the form of tax collection and management, Wang Fuzhi thinks that it is more convenient to collect money than to collect material objects. Regarding the time of tax collection, Wang Fuzhi thinks that whether early or late, it will do harm to the country and the people.
Wang Fu-zhi's thought of discussing salt underwent changes in favor of official transportation, official sale of salt, and later commercial transportation and marketing.
Wang Fuzhi's understanding of the traditional Chinese legal system is profound, and he follows the historical and holistic analysis method, so his economic legal thought has a distinct theoretical character of reality. But it is also because Wang Fuzhi has a profound understanding of the traditional legal system, so he is very vulnerable to the traditional shackles, so his economic legal thought. Of course, if Wang Fuzhi is inspected under specific historical conditions, it is not difficult to understand the limitations of his economic and legal thought.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D909.2;D922.29

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