【摘要】：汽車搜查制度是在刑事搜查的視野中，基于汽車這種搜查對(duì)象的特殊性的研究而構(gòu)建起來(lái)的，以“機(jī)動(dòng)性理論”和“較小隱私期待理論”為基礎(chǔ)、以無(wú)證汽車搜查為核心的特殊搜查制度。該制度含有證汽車搜查與無(wú)證汽車搜查兩部分。前者，與一般刑事搜查無(wú)異；后者，又叫“汽車?yán)狻币?guī)則，建立在一系列判例之上，是汽車搜查制度的核心與主要內(nèi)容，實(shí)質(zhì)是令狀制度的一個(gè)例外。 我國(guó)無(wú)汽車搜查之名，學(xué)界亦鮮有研究，但汽車搜查之實(shí)卻大量存在。中國(guó)步入汽車使用大國(guó)又讓這種困境愈加顯現(xiàn)，刑事訴訟保護(hù)人權(quán)與打擊犯罪兩大宗旨逐漸剝離。 美國(guó)汽車搜查制度歷經(jīng)百年，臻于完善，對(duì)我國(guó)汽車搜查制度的構(gòu)建具有直接指導(dǎo)意義。更重要的是，一方面，其制度構(gòu)建過(guò)程中所凸顯的實(shí)務(wù)與理論的互動(dòng)、優(yōu)秀的量化立法技術(shù)、尊重憲法的精神、平衡效率與公平的技術(shù)，正是我國(guó)刑事搜查制度改革所需要的；另一方面，構(gòu)建汽車搜查制度過(guò)程中需要解決的問(wèn)題同時(shí)也是完善我國(guó)刑事搜查制度無(wú)法回避的問(wèn)題。因此，文章在對(duì)美國(guó)汽車搜查制度進(jìn)行細(xì)致研究的基礎(chǔ)上，基于我國(guó)刑事訴訟現(xiàn)有模式，分析了我國(guó)汽車搜查現(xiàn)狀，并提出和簡(jiǎn)要論證了通過(guò)構(gòu)建汽車搜查制度作為突破口進(jìn)行刑事搜查制度改革的觀點(diǎn)。 篇章上，文章分為五章。 第一章為美國(guó)汽車搜查制度百年沿革。分四節(jié)展開(kāi)，分別論述了美國(guó)汽車搜查制度的憲法基礎(chǔ)、有證汽車搜查所需遵循的令狀原則、無(wú)證汽車搜查需遵循的汽車搜查例外規(guī)則及其適用。 第二章為美國(guó)汽車搜查制度搜查理由和證據(jù)規(guī)則。分搜查理由和證據(jù)規(guī)則兩節(jié)展開(kāi)。前者從相當(dāng)理由的內(nèi)涵、技術(shù)細(xì)節(jié)、與“一眼望穿”原則的辨析三個(gè)角度論述；后者主要介紹了非法證據(jù)排除規(guī)則。 第三章為與美國(guó)汽車搜查緊密聯(lián)系的執(zhí)法行為。文章對(duì)攔截車輛的情況，，如行政盤查、檢查是否酒駕等與汽車搜查緊密聯(lián)系的執(zhí)法行為進(jìn)行了界定。 第四章為我國(guó)汽車搜查概述。分三節(jié)展開(kāi)。分別回答了我國(guó)汽車搜查現(xiàn)狀、執(zhí)法人員和普通公民對(duì)汽車搜查的認(rèn)知以及造成大量違法汽車搜查案件的原因。 第五章為美國(guó)汽車搜查制度的啟示。分四節(jié)展開(kāi)。第一節(jié)，從制度選擇角度回答了構(gòu)建我國(guó)汽車搜查制度的可行性與必然性；第二節(jié)，從技術(shù)角度論述了構(gòu)建“汽車搜查”制度的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)；第三及第四節(jié)，從制衡角度提出了將搜查令簽發(fā)全劃撥給檢察院、構(gòu)建實(shí)質(zhì)的非法證據(jù)排除規(guī)則等關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。
[Abstract]:In the field of criminal search, the system of automobile search is constructed on the basis of the research of the particularity of the object of search, which is based on "mobility theory" and "small expectation of privacy theory". The special search system based on the search of unlicensed vehicles. This system contains two parts: license vehicle search and unlicensed vehicle search. The former is the same as the general criminal search, the latter, also called the "automobile exception" rule, is based on a series of precedents, which is the core and main content of the automobile search system, and in essence is an exception to the writ system. There is no name of automobile search in our country, and there is little research in academic circles, but there are a large number of automobile searches. China's entry into a big country of automobile use makes this dilemma even more apparent, and the two main purposes of criminal proceedings to protect human rights and combat crime are gradually peeling off. The automobile search system in America has been perfected for a hundred years, which is of direct significance to the construction of automobile search system in our country. More importantly, on the one hand, the interaction between practice and theory, excellent quantitative legislation technology, respecting the spirit of constitution, balancing efficiency and fair technology, which are highlighted in the process of system construction, are exactly what our criminal search system reform needs; On the other hand, the problems that need to be solved in the process of constructing the automobile search system are also the problems that can not be avoided by perfecting the criminal search system in our country. Therefore, on the basis of the detailed study of the automobile search system in the United States, and based on the existing pattern of criminal procedure in China, this paper analyzes the present situation of the automobile search in our country. At the same time, the author puts forward and briefly demonstrates the point of view that the criminal search system should be reformed through the construction of the automobile search system as a breakthrough. The article is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is the hundred years history of American automobile search system. It is divided into four sections. It discusses the constitutional basis of the American automobile search system, the principle of writ to be followed in the search of a licensed vehicle, and the rules of exception to the search of an unlicensed vehicle and its application. The second chapter is the search reasons and evidence rules of American automobile search system. Two sections of the search grounds and the rules of evidence are opened. The former is discussed from three angles: the connotation of considerable reason, the technical details, and the principle of "looking through at a glance", while the latter mainly introduces the exclusion rules of illegal evidence. The third chapter is the law enforcement behavior closely related to the American automobile search. This paper defines the law enforcement actions which are closely related to vehicle search, such as administrative examination and examination of whether alcohol driving is closely related to vehicle search. Chapter four is an overview of automobile search in China. It is divided into three sections. The present situation of automobile search in China, the cognition of law enforcement officers and ordinary citizens on vehicle search and the causes of a large number of illegal car search cases are answered respectively. The fifth chapter is the enlightenment of American automobile search system. It is divided into four sections. The first section, from the angle of system choice, answers the feasibility and inevitability of constructing our country's automobile search system; the second section, discusses the key points of constructing "automobile search" system from the technical point of view; the third and fourth sections, From the point of view of checks and balances, this paper puts forward the key links of issuing search warrant to the procuratorate and constructing the substantial rule of eliminating illegal evidence.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D971.2;DD915.3

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本文編號(hào)：2198094