美國(guó)新現(xiàn)實(shí)主義法學(xué)的發(fā)展及其啟示
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-17 00:55
【摘要】：21世紀(jì)初,美國(guó)的法學(xué)界以威斯康星大學(xué)法學(xué)院為發(fā)源地,有系統(tǒng)地提出了以跨學(xué)科、經(jīng)驗(yàn)性研究方式的研究方法,基于現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的理論基礎(chǔ)的法學(xué)研究的理論觀點(diǎn),這一理論研究的新動(dòng)向迅速地發(fā)展成一定規(guī)模的學(xué)術(shù)研究熱潮。這股學(xué)術(shù)研究熱潮現(xiàn)在被人統(tǒng)稱(chēng)為“新現(xiàn)實(shí)主義法學(xué)”。新現(xiàn)實(shí)主義法學(xué)的產(chǎn)生不是偶然性的,而是具有歷史必然性。新現(xiàn)實(shí)主義法學(xué)的話(huà)題是繞不開(kāi)舊現(xiàn)實(shí)主義法學(xué)和形式主義。當(dāng)今社會(huì)的快速發(fā)展所引發(fā)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域新問(wèn)題如雨后春筍般冒出的同時(shí),傳統(tǒng)法學(xué)保守、僵化的思維理念只將法律的研究局限于法條的內(nèi)在邏輯自洽和系統(tǒng)體系化上,對(duì)于這種時(shí)代的需求是沒(méi)有回應(yīng)的能力。而新現(xiàn)實(shí)主義法學(xué)提出的理論和研究路徑就是為了應(yīng)對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題。因此順應(yīng)時(shí)代的潮流,造就了這股思潮的出現(xiàn)。目前,這股法學(xué)思想新思潮內(nèi)部有不同的研究路徑,經(jīng)過(guò)大致歸類(lèi)可以分為:行為主義(又進(jìn)一步分為行為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和態(tài)度模式)、語(yǔ)境論和制度主義這三大類(lèi)。行為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)采用認(rèn)知心理學(xué)的原理來(lái)分析和解釋人的行為,與新古典法律與經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的不同之處在于,不以先驗(yàn)的理性選擇模式的理論來(lái)闡釋現(xiàn)實(shí)的行為;態(tài)度模式則是指法官的政治意識(shí)形態(tài)會(huì)對(duì)判決結(jié)果產(chǎn)生重要影響。語(yǔ)境論主張對(duì)于法律的理解要結(jié)合具體的歷史背景才能準(zhǔn)確地把握當(dāng)中的含義;制度主義主張每種制度都有著其內(nèi)在的偏見(jiàn),以致于制度安排的結(jié)果都會(huì)受到偏見(jiàn)的影響,使實(shí)際的制度運(yùn)行與原先的設(shè)想有著偏差。之所以稱(chēng)之為“新現(xiàn)實(shí)主義法學(xué)”,是在于為了和2 0世紀(jì)2 0-3 0年代出現(xiàn)的以弗蘭克和盧埃林為代表的舊現(xiàn)實(shí)主義法學(xué)相區(qū)別。但“新現(xiàn)實(shí)主義法學(xué)”和“舊現(xiàn)實(shí)主義法學(xué)”是有著深厚的理論淵源,前者傳承了后者的核心理論觀點(diǎn)。新、舊現(xiàn)實(shí)主義均采納了龐德以?xún)煞址ǖ姆绞綄?duì)法律進(jìn)行了分析的思想,即法律可分為“行動(dòng)中的法”和“書(shū)本上的法”。而且二者都主張法律研究的關(guān)注焦點(diǎn)應(yīng)該集中于“行動(dòng)中的法”,因?yàn)椤皶?shū)本中的法”在經(jīng)過(guò)一定程序適用到現(xiàn)實(shí)的過(guò)程中,由于收到現(xiàn)實(shí)各種因素的影響而發(fā)生偏離,最終形成的是不同與“書(shū)本上的法”的“行動(dòng)中的法”,并且真正對(duì)社會(huì)中行為人產(chǎn)生約束力的正是“行動(dòng)中的法”,所以對(duì)于現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者來(lái)說(shuō),真正的法是“行動(dòng)中的法”,對(duì)此進(jìn)行研究才是有意義的。與舊現(xiàn)實(shí)主義法學(xué)不同的是,新現(xiàn)實(shí)主義法學(xué)研究的對(duì)象所涵蓋的范圍要更廣。新現(xiàn)實(shí)主義法學(xué)研究對(duì)象除了“行動(dòng)中的法”外,還將關(guān)注的目光投向了“活法”,即那些并未被立法機(jī)構(gòu)制定或認(rèn)可的,但是在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中卻能夠起到支配人的行為的規(guī)范準(zhǔn)則,例如產(chǎn)生自經(jīng)濟(jì)往來(lái)當(dāng)中的商業(yè)準(zhǔn)則、習(xí)慣和慣例。在研究方法上面,“新現(xiàn)實(shí)主義法學(xué)”比“舊現(xiàn)實(shí)主義法學(xué)”走得更遠(yuǎn),其主張利用跨學(xué)科、經(jīng)驗(yàn)性研究的方法,并且堅(jiān)持中立、客觀的研究立場(chǎng)來(lái)研究“行動(dòng)中的法”和“活法”。跨學(xué)科的研究途徑是指可以利用其他社會(huì)法學(xué)學(xué)科的發(fā)展成果來(lái)指導(dǎo)經(jīng)驗(yàn)性法學(xué)研究,而通過(guò)這種研究路徑是能夠科學(xué)、客觀地獲得現(xiàn)實(shí)當(dāng)中法律運(yùn)作的具體狀況的信息�！靶卢F(xiàn)實(shí)主義法學(xué)”以獲取地現(xiàn)實(shí)中法律的運(yùn)作情況為分析素材,來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)法律與現(xiàn)實(shí)之間的差距,并進(jìn)而通過(guò)有效的制度構(gòu)建來(lái)完善法的不足之處。當(dāng)然,新現(xiàn)實(shí)主義法學(xué)的研究方法也存在著障礙,忽視這些障礙是可能會(huì)阻礙我們正確、有效地得出科學(xué)的結(jié)論,因此,正視這些障礙不僅無(wú)損于新現(xiàn)實(shí)主義法學(xué)思潮運(yùn)動(dòng),而且能更好地促進(jìn)這場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)朝著正確的方向發(fā)展。新現(xiàn)實(shí)主義法學(xué)研究對(duì)象和研究方法是極具實(shí)用主義色彩,主張直面現(xiàn)實(shí)中社會(huì)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生的各種問(wèn)題并做出積極的回應(yīng)。而當(dāng)前中國(guó)正面臨著社會(huì)的轉(zhuǎn)型,社會(huì)矛盾尖銳,社會(huì)沖突時(shí)有發(fā)生,可我國(guó)已提出“依法治國(guó)”的口號(hào)多年,社會(huì)主義法律體系早已基本建成,卻始終不見(jiàn)問(wèn)題的解決。對(duì)此,我們不能不對(duì)法學(xué)研究和實(shí)踐中的思想做出反思。對(duì)于法治體系的構(gòu)建,我們更多只注重于法律體系的建設(shè),而法律運(yùn)行的不理想并沒(méi)有獲得實(shí)際的解決方案。因此,對(duì)于如何破解中國(guó)法治建設(shè)的難題,作為美國(guó)同一時(shí)期發(fā)展起來(lái)的法學(xué)思潮新動(dòng)向是具有理論和實(shí)踐的意義。
[Abstract]:At the beginning of the twenty-first Century, the law academia of the United States, taking the Law School of University of Wisconsin as the birthplace, systematically put forward the research methods of interdisciplinary, empirical research, and the theoretical viewpoint of legal research based on the theoretical basis of realism. The new trend of this theoretical research rapidly developed into a certain scale of academic research upsurge. The upsurge of the study of the art of art is now referred to as "Neo realism law". The emergence of Neo realism is not accidental, but of historical inevitability. The topic of the Neo realism law is that it is not open to the old realism law and formalism. The new problems of the rapid development of today's society have sprung up like bamboo shoots after the rain At the same time, the traditional law is conservative and the rigid thinking concept only limits the study of law to the internal logical self consistency and systematic systematization of the law. It is not able to respond to the demand of this era. And the theory and research path proposed by the Neo realism law is to deal with the reality. Therefore, it conforms to the trend of the times. It has brought up the emergence of this trend of thought. At present, there are different research paths in this new ideological trend of thought. After roughly categorization, it can be divided into three categories: Behaviorism (further divided into behavioral economics and attitude pattern), contextual theory and institutionalism. Behavioral economics uses the principles of cognitive psychology to analyze and explain people. The difference between the behavior and the neo classical law and economics is that it does not explain the actual behavior with the theory of the transcendental rational choice model, and the attitude pattern is that the political ideology of the judge has an important influence on the outcome of the judgment. The institutionalism claims that each system has its inherent prejudice so that the result of the institutional arrangement will be influenced by prejudice and deviate from the original idea of the actual system. The reason why it is called "Neo realism law" is for Frank and Frank, which appeared in the twentieth Century. Llewellyn is a representative of the old realism law. But the "Neo realism law" and "the old realism law" have a profound theoretical origin, the former inherits the core theory of the latter. Both new and old realism adopt the idea that Pound analyses the law by the way of two points, that is, the law can be divided into "the law". The law in action and the law on books. And the two advocates that the focus of attention in legal research should be focused on the law in action. Because the law in books is applied to reality through a certain procedure, the difference and "book" are finally formed because of the influence of various factors. The law "in action", and the real binding force to the actor in the society, is the "law in action". So for the realists, the real law is the "law in action". The scope of coverage is wider. In addition to the law of action, the object of the Neo realism jurisprudence focuses on the "living law", that is, those that have not been formulated or approved by the legislature, but in real life they can play a dominant role in controlling people's behavior, such as commercial quasi - economic transactions. In the study method, "Neo realism law" is far more distant than "old realism law". It advocates the use of interdisciplinary, empirical research methods, and insists on neutrality and objective research position to study "action law" and "live law". The interdisciplinary approach is to use other societies. The development results of the law discipline will guide the empirical law research, and through this research path is the information that can scientifically and objectively obtain the actual situation of the actual legal operation in the reality. "Neo realism law" takes the operation of the law in the real world as the analysis material to find the gap between the law and the reality. Of course, there are also obstacles in the research method of Neo realism law, which may obstruct us correctly and effectively draw scientific conclusions. Therefore, it is not only nondestructive to the movement of Neo realism law of law, but also better to promote these obstacles. This movement is developing in the right direction. The object and method of the Neo realism law study and research method are very pragmatist color. It advocates facing all kinds of problems arising from the social development in reality and making positive responses. However, China is facing the social transformation, the social contradictions are sharp, and the social conflict happened. After many years of "rule of law", the socialist legal system has been basically built, but it has never been solved. In this regard, we can not reflect on the thought of law research and practice. For the construction of the rule of law, we pay more attention to the construction of the legal system, but the legal operation is not ideal and has not been obtained. Therefore, it is of theoretical and practical significance to solve the problem of the construction of the rule of law in China as a new trend of legal trend of thought developed in the same period in the United States.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D971.2;D920.0
本文編號(hào)：2128313
[Abstract]:At the beginning of the twenty-first Century, the law academia of the United States, taking the Law School of University of Wisconsin as the birthplace, systematically put forward the research methods of interdisciplinary, empirical research, and the theoretical viewpoint of legal research based on the theoretical basis of realism. The new trend of this theoretical research rapidly developed into a certain scale of academic research upsurge. The upsurge of the study of the art of art is now referred to as "Neo realism law". The emergence of Neo realism is not accidental, but of historical inevitability. The topic of the Neo realism law is that it is not open to the old realism law and formalism. The new problems of the rapid development of today's society have sprung up like bamboo shoots after the rain At the same time, the traditional law is conservative and the rigid thinking concept only limits the study of law to the internal logical self consistency and systematic systematization of the law. It is not able to respond to the demand of this era. And the theory and research path proposed by the Neo realism law is to deal with the reality. Therefore, it conforms to the trend of the times. It has brought up the emergence of this trend of thought. At present, there are different research paths in this new ideological trend of thought. After roughly categorization, it can be divided into three categories: Behaviorism (further divided into behavioral economics and attitude pattern), contextual theory and institutionalism. Behavioral economics uses the principles of cognitive psychology to analyze and explain people. The difference between the behavior and the neo classical law and economics is that it does not explain the actual behavior with the theory of the transcendental rational choice model, and the attitude pattern is that the political ideology of the judge has an important influence on the outcome of the judgment. The institutionalism claims that each system has its inherent prejudice so that the result of the institutional arrangement will be influenced by prejudice and deviate from the original idea of the actual system. The reason why it is called "Neo realism law" is for Frank and Frank, which appeared in the twentieth Century. Llewellyn is a representative of the old realism law. But the "Neo realism law" and "the old realism law" have a profound theoretical origin, the former inherits the core theory of the latter. Both new and old realism adopt the idea that Pound analyses the law by the way of two points, that is, the law can be divided into "the law". The law in action and the law on books. And the two advocates that the focus of attention in legal research should be focused on the law in action. Because the law in books is applied to reality through a certain procedure, the difference and "book" are finally formed because of the influence of various factors. The law "in action", and the real binding force to the actor in the society, is the "law in action". So for the realists, the real law is the "law in action". The scope of coverage is wider. In addition to the law of action, the object of the Neo realism jurisprudence focuses on the "living law", that is, those that have not been formulated or approved by the legislature, but in real life they can play a dominant role in controlling people's behavior, such as commercial quasi - economic transactions. In the study method, "Neo realism law" is far more distant than "old realism law". It advocates the use of interdisciplinary, empirical research methods, and insists on neutrality and objective research position to study "action law" and "live law". The interdisciplinary approach is to use other societies. The development results of the law discipline will guide the empirical law research, and through this research path is the information that can scientifically and objectively obtain the actual situation of the actual legal operation in the reality. "Neo realism law" takes the operation of the law in the real world as the analysis material to find the gap between the law and the reality. Of course, there are also obstacles in the research method of Neo realism law, which may obstruct us correctly and effectively draw scientific conclusions. Therefore, it is not only nondestructive to the movement of Neo realism law of law, but also better to promote these obstacles. This movement is developing in the right direction. The object and method of the Neo realism law study and research method are very pragmatist color. It advocates facing all kinds of problems arising from the social development in reality and making positive responses. However, China is facing the social transformation, the social contradictions are sharp, and the social conflict happened. After many years of "rule of law", the socialist legal system has been basically built, but it has never been solved. In this regard, we can not reflect on the thought of law research and practice. For the construction of the rule of law, we pay more attention to the construction of the legal system, but the legal operation is not ideal and has not been obtained. Therefore, it is of theoretical and practical significance to solve the problem of the construction of the rule of law in China as a new trend of legal trend of thought developed in the same period in the United States.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D971.2;D920.0
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