本文選題：民用核設施 + 許可證制度��； 參考：《遼寧大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：近年來,由于空氣污染的加重,全球氣候變暖現(xiàn)象也越來越明顯。中國在經(jīng)濟方面的飛速發(fā)展反過來也以犧牲了環(huán)境為代價。全國范圍內(nèi)的霧霾天氣越來越多。2015年12月巴黎氣候大會召開,全球195個締約國通過了《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》,這無疑進一步給中國未來發(fā)展增加了壓力,全球碳的減排對中國依靠煤為主要能源的發(fā)展模式提出了嚴峻的挑戰(zhàn)。中國政府為應對能源緊張局面,近年來致力于發(fā)展清潔高效的核能,在建核反應堆位居世界第一。隨著核電技術的不斷提高,中國政府提出核能“走出去”戰(zhàn)略。一方面可以進行國際能源合作,提高中國核能利用技術,另一方面可以帶動中國出口經(jīng)濟發(fā)展。但無論是中國核能自身的建設還是核能走出國門,都要以核安全的保障為基礎和前提。加強核安全的保障離不開規(guī)范民用核設施的安全監(jiān)管,只有完備的民用核設施安全監(jiān)管制度才能使國家核工業(yè)安全、平穩(wěn)、高效的發(fā)展。而美國作為核能民用最早的國家之一,其民用核設施安全監(jiān)管制度對中國具有重要的借鑒作用。作者認為:美國雖然曾經(jīng)發(fā)生過著名的三哩島核安全事故,但其作為全球反應堆數(shù)量最多的國家,加上近幾十年無較大核安全事故的發(fā)生,其民用核設施安全監(jiān)管是比較全面和有效的。文章本著取其精華、去其糟粕的意圖,對美國的民用核設施安全監(jiān)管主要制度進行探討。第一部分在定義民用核設施安全監(jiān)管制度的基礎上主要對美國民用核設施安全監(jiān)管制度進行分析。首先對民用核設施安全監(jiān)管的概念和屬性進行界定,其次介紹了美國民用核設施安全監(jiān)管的法律制度和管理機構。第二部分至第五部分分別介紹了美國民用核設施安全監(jiān)管法律制度中最重要的四個制度,即民用核設施建立的許可證制度、民用核設施運行中核廢料處理監(jiān)管制度、民用核設施運行中安全事故應急監(jiān)管制度和民用核設施退役的安全監(jiān)管制度。通過分析這些制度的法律依據(jù)和實踐經(jīng)驗,本文試對其監(jiān)管作用進行評價或提出建議。第六部分分析總結中國關于核安全監(jiān)管制度方面存在的問題,在此基礎上提出相應的解決方案,以完善中國的民用核設施安全監(jiān)管法律制度。本文的創(chuàng)新點在于對美國核安全監(jiān)管法律制度如何規(guī)制其國內(nèi)的民用核設施進行探討,從民用核設施運行過程中最主要四個方面分析美國民用核設施安全監(jiān)管的優(yōu)勢和不足,從而為中國民用核設施安全監(jiān)管的制度設計提供幫助。
[Abstract]:In recent years, global warming has become more and more obvious due to the aggravation of air pollution. China's rapid economic growth has, in turn, come at the expense of the environment. Smog weather is increasing nationwide. At the Paris Climate Conference in December 2015, 195 parties around the world adopted the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change, which undoubtedly further increased the pressure on China's future development. Global carbon reduction poses a severe challenge to China's development model, which relies on coal as the main energy source. In response to energy tensions, the Chinese government has been working on clean and efficient nuclear power in recent years, with the world's largest nuclear reactor under construction. With the continuous improvement of nuclear power technology, the Chinese government has put forward the "going out" strategy of nuclear energy. On the one hand, international energy cooperation can improve China's nuclear energy utilization technology, on the other hand, it can promote China's export economy. However, both the construction of China's nuclear energy itself and the development of nuclear energy abroad should be based on the guarantee of nuclear safety. The security of nuclear safety can not be strengthened without standardizing the safety supervision of civil nuclear facilities. Only a complete safety supervision system of civil nuclear facilities can make the national nuclear industry develop smoothly and efficiently. As one of the earliest civil nuclear power countries, the United States plays an important role in the safety supervision of civil nuclear facilities in China. The author holds that although the United States has had a famous nuclear safety accident at three Mile Island, it is the country with the largest number of reactors in the world, and there have been no major nuclear safety accidents in recent decades. Its civil nuclear facilities safety supervision is relatively comprehensive and effective. Based on the intention of taking the essence and dismissing the dross, this paper probes into the main system of civil nuclear facilities safety supervision in the United States. In the first part, based on the definition of civil nuclear facilities safety supervision system, the article mainly analyzes the American civil nuclear facilities safety supervision system. Firstly, it defines the concept and attributes of civil nuclear facilities safety supervision, and then introduces the legal system and regulatory agencies of civil nuclear facilities safety supervision in the United States. The second to fifth parts respectively introduce the most important four systems in the legal system of civil nuclear facilities safety supervision in the United States, that is, the licensing system for the establishment of civil nuclear facilities, the regulatory system for the disposal of nuclear waste in the operation of civil nuclear facilities, and the regulatory system for the disposal of nuclear waste in the operation of civil nuclear facilities. The emergency supervision system for civil nuclear facilities and the safety supervision system for decommissioning civil nuclear facilities. By analyzing the legal basis and practical experience of these systems, this paper tries to evaluate their regulatory role or put forward some suggestions. The sixth part analyzes and summarizes the problems existing in China's nuclear safety regulatory system, and puts forward corresponding solutions on this basis, in order to improve China's civil nuclear facilities safety regulatory legal system. The innovation of this paper is to discuss how to regulate the civil nuclear facilities in the United States, and to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the civil nuclear facilities safety supervision in the United States from the most important four aspects in the operation of civil nuclear facilities. So as to provide assistance for the system design of safety supervision of civil nuclear facilities in China.
【學位授予單位】：遼寧大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D971.2;DD912.6

【參考文獻】

相關期刊論文 前10條

1 程建秀;封yN;付杰;曾超;欒海燕;;監(jiān)管機構綜合管理體系實施中的潛在困難與應對策略[J];核安全;2016年02期

2 欒海燕;曾超;殷德健;封yN;;關于加強我國核安全監(jiān)管機構與國際組織合作的建議——經(jīng)合組織核能署專篇[J];核安全;2016年01期

3 顧昱曉;李國青;董芳芳;吳潛;;淺析美國最新核應急干預水平[J];核標準計量與質(zhì)量;2016年01期

4 張?zhí)熳?沈鋼;張瑋;曹健;林慧;鄭潔瑩;安洪振;楊巖飛;邱國盛;;核電“走出去”形勢下的核安全監(jiān)管[J];核安全;2015年04期

5 龔嶷;崔滿滿;竇一康;韓鎮(zhèn)輝;石秀強;鄒建平;;核電廠運行許可證延續(xù)(OLE)安全監(jiān)管的對策[J];核安全;2015年01期

6 肖興志;;“新常態(tài)”下我國能源監(jiān)管實踐反思與監(jiān)管政策新取向[J];價格理論與實踐;2015年01期

7 楊巖飛;張?zhí)熳?吳岳雷;;我國核電廠退役安全許可研究迫在眉睫[J];中國核工業(yè);2014年11期

8 張焰;;核能機構公布有關核監(jiān)管機構必要特征的報告[J];國外核新聞;2014年07期

9 胡幫達;;核安全獨立監(jiān)管的路徑選擇[J];科技與法律;2014年02期

10 郭承站;;我國核與輻射安全監(jiān)管現(xiàn)狀及對策[J];核安全;2013年S1期

相關博士學位論文 前1條

1 劉東剛;中國能源監(jiān)管體制改革研究[D];中國政法大學;2011年

相關碩士學位論文 前1條

1 孫中海;中國核安全監(jiān)管體制研究[D];山東大學;2013年

，

本文編號：2061655