本文選題：張之洞 + 國(guó)際公法　； 參考：《西南政法大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：張之洞作為晚清的重要大臣，親身經(jīng)歷晚清一系列重大事件，在中國(guó)近代史中是位頗有建樹(shù)的實(shí)務(wù)派官員�；谶@一重要地位，他對(duì)國(guó)際公法的認(rèn)識(shí)明確影響著國(guó)際公法在其對(duì)外交涉事務(wù)的適用，，同時(shí)這種適用也是清政府高級(jí)官員對(duì)國(guó)際法的理解和適用的縮影。對(duì)于其國(guó)際公法思想的研究，可以進(jìn)一步了解張之洞本人的法律思想；對(duì)其國(guó)際公法實(shí)踐的研究，我們可以進(jìn)一步了解近代國(guó)際法在中國(guó)的輸入、傳播。中國(guó)現(xiàn)代改革開(kāi)放后，基于平等發(fā)展，國(guó)際法對(duì)于中國(guó)的國(guó)際交往仍然非常重要。對(duì)于張之洞國(guó)際公法思想的研究，既具有學(xué)術(shù)上的研究意義，也現(xiàn)實(shí)的借鑒意義。雖然不是專業(yè)的法學(xué)家，但張之洞的國(guó)際法思想涉及內(nèi)容豐富，具有鮮明的時(shí)代特征和自身特色。鑒于目前學(xué)界對(duì)張之洞的國(guó)際公法思想及其應(yīng)用涉及甚少，因此，本文擬從張之洞國(guó)際公法思想產(chǎn)生的背景、張之洞國(guó)際公法思想的主要內(nèi)容及張之洞國(guó)際公法思想的實(shí)踐等方面對(duì)張之洞換的國(guó)際公法思想進(jìn)行梳理。 全文由引言、正文和結(jié)語(yǔ)三個(gè)部份組成。引論部份介紹主題、研究?jī)r(jià)值、研究現(xiàn)狀、存在問(wèn)題、研究方法及所采用的資料等問(wèn)題。正文是文章的主體部份：主要從以下三個(gè)方面展開(kāi)論述： 第一大部份，主要分析了張之洞國(guó)際公法思想形成的社會(huì)背景。清中后期，列強(qiáng)以武力打開(kāi)中國(guó)大門(mén)，隨著侵略的加深，中國(guó)自主之權(quán)不斷喪失，中國(guó)有識(shí)之士不斷地探索中國(guó)擺脫列強(qiáng)，走上自立自強(qiáng)之路的途徑。在這種社會(huì)背景下，張之洞的國(guó)際法思想隨著對(duì)社會(huì)現(xiàn)狀的認(rèn)識(shí)而理解不斷加深。清末,從林則徐開(kāi)始，已經(jīng)有官員認(rèn)識(shí)到國(guó)際法譯書(shū)的重要。從《萬(wàn)國(guó)公法》開(kāi)始，清政府設(shè)立譯書(shū)館，地方開(kāi)始建立大量翻譯機(jī)構(gòu)并培養(yǎng)了一大批翻譯人才，這些人后來(lái)對(duì)于國(guó)際法輸入有重要影響。張之洞的國(guó)際法知識(shí)的重要來(lái)源之一就在于譯書(shū)，從以后他對(duì)國(guó)際交涉事務(wù)的依據(jù)和應(yīng)用來(lái)看，這些譯書(shū)對(duì)他及清政府官員的影響不僅限于我們目前的認(rèn)識(shí)。張之洞的國(guó)際公法思想的形成與其與中外高級(jí)政府官員的密切交往有關(guān)，以及受早期維新派及留洋官員的主權(quán)、國(guó)際法思想等的重大影響。同時(shí)，與洋人的交往也是他國(guó)際公法思想形成的重要途徑。而張之洞所受的深刻的中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化教育，如儒家的尊王、等級(jí)、�？捉�、經(jīng)世致用思想，也滲透于其對(duì)外交涉事務(wù)中，限制了張之洞在國(guó)際公法的進(jìn)一步理解。 第二大部份主要闡述了張之洞國(guó)際公法思想的主要內(nèi)容。首先是張之洞的主權(quán)思想。張之洞所處的時(shí)代，是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)儒學(xué)僵硬，清政府國(guó)門(mén)被迫打開(kāi)國(guó)力隨著西方列強(qiáng)的入侵而逐漸衰落之時(shí)，中國(guó)原先獨(dú)立自主的完整主權(quán)逐漸被剝奪。張之洞目睹中國(guó)受辱，作為國(guó)際公法上獨(dú)立自強(qiáng)標(biāo)志的“主權(quán)”概念首先成為他關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)，而維護(hù)主權(quán)也成為他國(guó)際公法思想的基礎(chǔ)。其次是張之洞的條約守約思想。清政府雖與洋人很早以前就有來(lái)往，但西方列強(qiáng)在鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后將獲取的利益以不平等條約的方式確定下來(lái)，清政府在無(wú)奈之下接受了西方“條約必守的規(guī)則”。隨著國(guó)力日衰，這條原則不僅成了西方列強(qiáng)確定利益、強(qiáng)迫侵略的手段，同時(shí)也成為清政府引用國(guó)際法規(guī)定西方列強(qiáng)在中國(guó)的權(quán)利的依據(jù)。第三是關(guān)于國(guó)際法效力依據(jù)。張之洞認(rèn)為國(guó)家意志是國(guó)際法的決定因素。據(jù)此，張之洞對(duì)國(guó)際法的效力也有比較清醒的認(rèn)識(shí)，同時(shí)較為客觀的理解國(guó)際法效力。他認(rèn)為國(guó)家間的實(shí)力更為重要。沒(méi)有國(guó)家的強(qiáng)大，沒(méi)有兵力的保障，國(guó)際法也只能是空談。 第三部份主要講述了張之洞國(guó)際公法的實(shí)踐。在張之洞的國(guó)際公法的實(shí)踐中主要涉及主權(quán)、利權(quán)的維護(hù)，租界問(wèn)題，內(nèi)河行船問(wèn)題；守約問(wèn)題；外交手段與國(guó)際法的結(jié)合以及從遠(yuǎn)交近攻到羈縻制衡；締結(jié)條約結(jié)交強(qiáng)援等。同時(shí)，他認(rèn)為海難救助也是遵守條約，人道主義的思想表現(xiàn)等。 結(jié)語(yǔ)部份，主要考察了張之洞國(guó)際公法思想的積極方面以及張之洞對(duì)國(guó)際法認(rèn)識(shí)的不足等問(wèn)題。
[Abstract]:As an important Minister of the late Qing Dynasty, Zhang Zhidong experienced a series of major events in the late Qing Dynasty and was a practical official in modern Chinese history. Based on this important position, his understanding of international public law clearly affects the application of international public law in its foreign affairs, and this application is also a senior official of the Qing government to the country. The study of international public law thought can further understand Zhang Zhidong's own legal thoughts, and we can further understand the input and dissemination of modern international law in China. After the reform and release of modern China, the international law is based on the international law for China. International communication is still very important. The study of Zhang Zhidong's international public law thought has both academic and practical significance. Although it is not a professional jurist, Zhang Zhidong's ideas of international law are rich in content, with distinctive features of the times and self characteristics. In view of the current academic community of Zhang Zhidong's international public The idea of law and its application are rarely involved. Therefore, this article is to sort out the international public law thought of Zhang Zhidong from the background of Zhang Zhidong's thought of international public law, the main content of Zhang Zhidong's thought of public international law and the practice of Zhang Zhidong's international public law.
The full text is composed of three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The introductory part introduces the theme, research value, research status, existing problems, research methods and the data used. The main body is the main part of the article: mainly from the following three aspects:
The first part is the main analysis of the social background of the formation of Zhang Zhidong's thought of international public law. In the middle and late Qing Dynasty, the powers opened the door to China by force. With the deepening of the aggression, the power of China's autonomy ceased to lose. The Chinese people of insight constantly explored the way to get rid of the powers of China and embark on the way of self-reliance. Under this social background Zhang Zhi The idea of international law of the cave deepened with the understanding of the social situation. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, from the beginning of Lin Zexu, officials had realized the importance of international law translation. From the beginning of the "universal law", the Qing government set up a translation library, and the local began to establish a large number of translation institutions and trained a large number of translators. These people later on international law One of the important sources of input is that one of the important sources of Zhang Zhidong's knowledge of international law lies in the translation of books. From the perspective of his future basis and application to international negotiation, the influence of these translations on his and the officials of the Qing government is not limited to our current understanding. The formation of Zhang Zhidong's Thoughts on international public law and with the senior government officials from China and foreign countries Close contacts, as well as the important influence of the Early Reformers and the sovereignty of the foreign officials, and the thought of international law. At the same time, the communication with the foreigners is also an important way of the formation of his international public law thought. And Zhang Zhidong's profound Chinese traditional culture education, such as the Confucian respecting the king, the rank, the Confucianist education, the thinking of the world, is also permeated. Zhang Zhidong's understanding of international public law is limited in his foreign negotiations.
The second main part mainly expounds the main content of Zhang Zhidong's thought of international public law. First of all, it is Zhang Zhidong's thought of sovereignty. The time of Zhang Zhidong is the rigid Chinese traditional Confucianism, and the national power of the Qing government is forced to open its national strength to decline gradually with the invasion of the Western powers, and the original and independent complete sovereignty of China is gradually deprived. Zhang Zhidong witnessed the humiliation of China. The concept of "sovereignty" as a symbol of independence and self-reliance on public international law became the focus of his attention first. And the maintenance of sovereignty became the basis of his thought of international public law. Secondly, Zhang Zhidong's Treaty of conservation thought. Although the Qing government had been with the Westerners very early, the Western powers will be captured after the Opium War. The interests were determined in the way of unequal treaties. The Qing government accepted the rules of the western "treaty must be kept" under the helplessness of the Qing Dynasty. With the decline of national strength, this principle not only became the means to determine interests and invade the Western powers, but also became the basis for the Qing government to quote the rights of the Western powers in China by the government of the Qing Dynasty. The three is the basis for the effectiveness of international law. Zhang Zhidong believes that state will is a decisive factor in international law. Accordingly, Zhang Zhidong has a more sober understanding of the effectiveness of international law and a more objective understanding of the effectiveness of international law. He believes that the strength of the state is more important. It's an empty talk.
The third part mainly tells the practice of Zhang Zhidong's international public law. In the practice of Zhang Zhidong's international public law, it mainly involves the sovereignty, the maintenance of the right of interest, the issue of the concession, the problem of the inland watercraft, the issue of abiding, the combination of diplomatic means and international law, and from the far reaching to the restraint of restraint; and the conclusion of the treaty intersection. At the same time, he believes that Salvage at sea also complied with the treaty, humanitarianism and so on.
The conclusion part mainly inspects the positive aspects of Zhang Zhidong's thought of international public law and the insufficiency of Zhang Zhidong's understanding of international law.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D909.2

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