本文關(guān)鍵詞： 情緒語言 決策 目的原則 概念整合 評價系統(tǒng) 力動態(tài) 情緒圖式 個體差異 心理語境　出處：《華中師范大學(xué)》2012年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：情緒是人類精神生活的家園。情緒研究是一個古老又年輕的話題,研究文獻(xiàn)浩如煙海。中外早期的哲學(xué)思想和理論都對情緒論述頗豐。當(dāng)代的認(rèn)知科學(xué)的研究前沿正從冷認(rèn)知向熱認(rèn)知(情緒)轉(zhuǎn)移。法學(xué)界和法律界越來越多的有識之士開始關(guān)注情緒在法律中的作用和地位。從語言角度研究情緒的領(lǐng)域也不少,情緒心理學(xué)、人類學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、社會學(xué)和語言學(xué)等都有對情緒語言進(jìn)行研究的分支領(lǐng)域,如發(fā)展心理學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)決策學(xué)、話語分析、認(rèn)知語言學(xué)和評價理論等。這些領(lǐng)域的研究分別揭示了情緒語言的社會、文化、目的和認(rèn)知關(guān)聯(lián)的一些側(cè)面,反映出不盡相同的對情緒語言的界定和理解,也反映了各自不盡相同的理論站位和學(xué)科局限。此外,情緒語言的研究語料多為日常話語,絕少有法律語境中的語料。法律語言的機(jī)構(gòu)性和利益攸關(guān)性賦予了它特殊的研究價值。Martin和Dijk都分別提倡通過法律語言的研究來驗(yàn)證和補(bǔ)充自己的評價理論和語境理論。鑒于法學(xué)的語言學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)向以及它對情緒心理的關(guān)注,研究法律語篇中的情緒語言將有望對語言學(xué)和法學(xué)產(chǎn)生一些啟示。本研究就是在此背景下的一種理論和實(shí)踐上的雙重探索。 通過田野調(diào)查、訪談、文獻(xiàn)研讀和語篇對比,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)法律文書中同一語言主體在不同階段或時刻對同一現(xiàn)象、事件和事物可能選擇不同的語言表述。不同語言主體對同一現(xiàn)象、事件和事物的語言表述方式也可能不盡相同。這些不同的表述可能表達(dá)了不同的情緒,也可能引發(fā)不同的情緒反應(yīng),因此都是情緒語言。這些情緒語言的區(qū)別在于情緒強(qiáng)度和顯隱度的區(qū)別。我們根據(jù)顯隱度的區(qū)別提出法律語境的情緒語言分為元情緒語言、具體情緒的語言、顯性的情緒性語言和隱性的情緒性語言,前三者都是顯性情緒語言。這些不同形態(tài)的情緒語言在法律語篇中相互印證,是情緒圖式的不同組成部分,它們共同編織出一面情緒網(wǎng)絡(luò)。 法律能提供給語言學(xué)的最有意義的資源可能不是語言本體研究的資源,而是語言選擇的機(jī)制。法律語境中的語言選擇是語言主體的生物適應(yīng)性和主觀能動性充分顯示的過程,這就是語言選擇的目的性。目的是認(rèn)知選擇中的理想圖式。語言選擇中的主體間性和順應(yīng)性則通過不同訴訟主體和參與人之間的目的互動表現(xiàn),排序上僅次于目的性,是目的追求中的社會規(guī)則適應(yīng),是選擇的參照空間。情緒語言的選擇也不例外。不同情緒語言形態(tài)的選擇就是不同的概念化方式。這些不同的概念化方式體現(xiàn)了目的導(dǎo)向的概念整合模式。情緒語言選擇的內(nèi)容是不同主題和話題的情緒語言。情緒語言選擇參照的是法律或社會文化等空間的規(guī)則,展示的是情緒主體的情緒內(nèi)在體驗(yàn)、情緒外顯表現(xiàn)或其它“客觀”的概念。被選擇的情緒語言的目的是為了在現(xiàn)實(shí)空間形成對語言選擇主體有益的語用暗示,這就是語言選擇主體的目的理想圖式。 法律對不同主題和話題的情緒語言的權(quán)重不盡相同,語言選擇主體就會相應(yīng)對它們做出優(yōu)劣排序。首先是參照空間的選擇,法律空間的判斷高于社會文化空間的判斷,而社會文化空間的判斷高于亞文化和個體空間的判斷。其次,根據(jù)不同的語言形態(tài)和義素的法律意義對語言的備選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行比較和排序。對犯罪嫌疑人和被告方而言,對己方的犯罪行為和心理進(jìn)行描述時,情緒語言在語用功能上的排序從大到小分別是：正面評價的情緒語言(抱不平、反抗等)——無標(biāo)記的隱性情緒語言即不涉及心理的客觀動作和狀態(tài)語言(刀子落到他身上)——低情緒激起的有標(biāo)記的隱性情緒性語言(話不投機(jī)等)——被動和弱勢的具體情緒(傷心、害怕、痛苦)——模糊的更強(qiáng)勢情緒(不舒服、不甘心)——激情、沖動——怒(不同的“怒”又有主被動和力量大小等力動態(tài)特征方面的差異)——憤恨——恨(不同的“恨”也有主被動和力量大小等力動態(tài)特征方面的差異)——懷恨——嫉妒——貪婪(殺人劫財)——兇狠的毫無理由的濫殺。該序列參照法律空間的評價排序從非情緒主題到情緒主題,同一主題按照不同的話題排列其優(yōu)劣。 原告方對被告方犯罪情緒的概念化方式排序很可能與此相反。機(jī)構(gòu)會盡量選擇無標(biāo)記的隱性情緒性語言,證明機(jī)構(gòu)的法律判斷時也會選擇顯性的情緒性語言(如“砍刺”)、具體情緒的語言和元情緒語言。語言選擇主體會根據(jù)語境因素從這個序列中選擇出特定語境下最合目的的語言表述。這個概念化過程就是概念的取舍、壓縮和整合,是對不同的輸入空間及其元素進(jìn)行選擇性投射和壓縮而形成的整合或曰概念化。情緒語言的選擇過程本身存在著認(rèn)知壓縮和整合,被選擇的情緒語言(如“蓄意”等)也是壓縮和整合的結(jié)果,。認(rèn)知和語言的壓縮性與整合性是法律語境中語言沖突的主要原因,也是目的追求的首要認(rèn)知工具。 情緒語言選擇的備選項(xiàng)和影響因素中,一類是認(rèn)知主體主動選擇和考慮的,如目的、已知的情緒心理知識、法律知識、語言知識包括體裁知識、對方權(quán)勢、社會規(guī)范等心理語境因素。如果認(rèn)知主體的腳本知識足夠,就能做出正確的語言選擇,進(jìn)行成功的概念整合。另一類是影響了其認(rèn)知過程的、極可能是無意識的因素,如人格,個體歷史,未知的社會、法律、語言知識等。它們是產(chǎn)生不合目的的、自證其罪的語言的原因。不合目的的錯誤的語言選擇并不是說明語言選擇的無目的性。即便是這種失敗的語言選擇,也往往是有一個目的理想圖式指導(dǎo)的,只是該圖式與社會認(rèn)知中的理想認(rèn)知模式有區(qū)別,而這種區(qū)別導(dǎo)致了失敗的不合目的的語言選擇。 通過對比同一主體對同一情緒相關(guān)現(xiàn)象、行為和心理的不同概念化方式,以及對比同一主體在不同語篇和環(huán)境(包括對象和階段)中的語言選擇區(qū)別,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)情緒語言選擇具有動態(tài)的發(fā)展變化特征,在司法過程的不同階段和時期呈現(xiàn)出情緒語言的階段性特征,反應(yīng)了情景和狀態(tài)等語境因素的變化帶來的認(rèn)知心理的發(fā)展和策略的變化。有一類情節(jié)的問答中,每一次的詢問和訊問都比上一次要更接近客觀事實(shí),語篇在情緒動機(jī)和證據(jù)上更連貫。另一類情節(jié)的問答中,原被告的語言選擇越來越具策略性和目的性。這是機(jī)構(gòu)和各訴訟主體間不同目的之間博弈的結(jié)果。同一語言選擇主體對不同的交互對象也會選擇不同的情緒語言,這反應(yīng)了語言選擇的主體間性。另外,交際目的的確定也會參照交互對象和情境狀態(tài)等,它們都可能影響語言選擇。不同體裁對情緒語言的選擇也有影響,這是社會規(guī)則的約束。本研究的語料反映了語言選擇的認(rèn)知、社會和目的約束的共相,也能反映語言選擇的殊相。 本研究提出的情緒語言的分類框架和選擇模式較為全面的考慮了法律語篇中情緒語言的復(fù)雜性,在一定程度上驗(yàn)證和補(bǔ)充了目的原則、概念整合理論、評價理論和語境理論的研究,亦有望對法理學(xué)和法律實(shí)踐提供一些啟示。
[Abstract]:Emotion is the spiritual life of the home. The emotion research is an old and young topic, research literature. The early philosophy thought and the multitude of emotions has rich discourse theory of Chinese and foreign contemporary cognitive science. The research frontier is from cold to hot cognitive cognition (emotional). More and more legal profession, a person with breadth of vision. The beginning and status in the law of the effect of emotional attention. Research on emotion from the angle of language field is also a lot of emotional psychology, anthropology, economics, sociology and linguistics have branches of emotional language, such as the development of psychology, economic decision theory, discourse analysis, cognitive linguistics and the research assessment theory. The field respectively reveals the emotional language of social, cultural, and some of the side to cognitive relevance, reflect the different emotional language definition and understanding, but also anti Reflects their different theoretical stance and discipline limitations. In addition, the research corpus emotional language mostly daily discourse, there are few in the context of law corpus. The legal language institutions and relevant to its special value of.Martin and Dijk were all advocates of through legal language and to verify add their own evaluation theory and context theory. In view of the steering law linguistics and its focus on the emotional and psychological research, legal texts, emotional language would be expected to produce some enlightenment on linguistics and law. The exploration of both a theory and practice of this study is under this background on.
Through field investigation, interview, literature study and contrastive discourse, we find the same subject in legal documents in the language or in different stages of the same time, events and things may choose different languages. The same phenomenon in different language subject, events and things language expressions are not the same. These different expressions may express different emotions, but also may lead to different emotional reactions, so are the language of emotion. The difference between these emotions of language lies in the emotional intensity and the difference between implicit degree. According to the difference between the implicit degree provided legal context emotional language is divided into meta mood specific language, the language of emotion. The emotional language, dominant and recessive emotional language, the former three are the dominant emotional language. These different forms of emotional language each other in the legal discourse, is not the same emotional schema composition Part of them together weave an emotional network.
The law can provide the most meaningful linguistic resources may not be the language of ontology research resources, but the mechanism of the choice of language. In the context of law language selection is the process of the language subject biological adaptability and subjective initiative fully displayed, this is the purpose of language choice. The purpose is to select the ideal cognitive schema. The purpose of interactive language choice between subject and compliance through different litigation subject and participation among people, ranking second only to the purpose, is to pursue the social adaptation rules, is the choice of the reference space. Emotional language choice is no exception. Different emotional form of language choice is a different concept. These different concepts of embodies the concept of objective oriented integration mode. The content of emotional language choice is different themes and topics of emotional language and emotional language. Choose the reference is legal or social culture space rules, shows the emotional inner experience of emotion emotional subject, explicit performance or other "objective" concept. The selected emotional language is for the purpose of language is beneficial to the choice of the main language form in the real space implies that this is ideal choice of language the schema of the subject.
The weight of emotional language on different topics and topic of the law is not the same, the subject will make the corresponding language selection ordering them. First is the reference to the choice of space, space law judgment is higher than social cultural space and cultural space of social judgment, the judgment is higher than that of sub culture and individual space judgment. Secondly, comparison and according to the sort of legal significance of language form and different sememe of language options. For criminal suspects and defendants on the criminal behavior and psychological description, emotional language in pragmatic functions of the order from big to small are: positive emotional language (baobuping, resistance): the implicit emotional language unmarked that does not involve the objective psychological action and state language (knife over him) - low emotion aroused the implicit emotional words mark language (words Not speculative) - specific emotional passive and vulnerable (sad, fear, pain) -- strong emotions fuzzy (uncomfortable, unwilling) - passion, impulse, anger (different "anger" and passive force and strength of the size of the dynamic characteristics of the difference -- resentment - hate (different) "hate" is also the main force and the size of passive dynamic characteristics of the force difference) - - bitter jealousy - greed (killing robbing) - killing no reason for the fierce. Evaluation of the sequence reference legal space for sorting from non emotional themes to the emotional theme, the same topic according to different topics arranged in their performance.
The plaintiff to the defendant criminal concept of emotional sorting is contrary. Institutions will try to choose the hidden emotional language unmarked, proof of legal judgment mechanism will select the dominant emotional language (such as "stab"), language and language specific meta mood emotion. The selection of the main language according to the contextual factors from the sequence selection of particular context the purpose of language expression. The concept of process is the concept of choice, compression and integration, is a selective projection and integration or conceptual compression and the formation of the input space and the different elements of the selection process. The emotional language itself exists and compression the integration of cognition, the selected language of emotion (such as "deliberate") is compressed and the integration of cognition and language. Compression and integration is the main language in the context of conflict of laws The cause is also the primary cognitive tool for the pursuit of the purpose.
The factors of emotional language selection options and effects, one is the cognitive subject initiative choice and consideration, such as the purpose, known emotional and psychological knowledge, legal knowledge, language knowledge including genre knowledge, other contextual factors of psychological power, social norms and so on. If the main body of the Cognitive Script knowledge enough, can make the correct language selection, concept integration success. The other is the effect of the cognitive process, is likely to be unconscious factors, such as personality, individual history, law, unknown society, language knowledge. They are not the purpose, the reason of self incrimination language. Without purpose is not objective the wrong language choice is not that the choice of language. Even if the failure of the choice of language, but also often have an ideal schema guidance, but the schema and in social cognition to cognitive models have difference And this difference leads to the failure of the unintended language choice.
By comparing the same subject on the same emotional phenomenon, different concepts of behavior and psychology, and the comparison of the same subject in different text and environment (including object and stage) in the choice of language difference, this study found that the emotional language selection with dynamic development characteristics, showing the stage characteristics of emotion the language in the judicial process of different stage and period, to reflect the change of the development of cognitive psychology and the strategy of change and state of the contextual factors. There is a plot of the quiz, every examination and interrogation than a minor is closer to the objective fact, the discourse in the emotional motivation and evidence on another question. A more coherent plot, the language choice more and more strategy and purpose. This is the subject of litigation between institutions and different purposes. The result of the game between the main body of the same language selection The interaction of different objects can also choose a different emotional language, which reflects the main choice of language. In addition, determine the communicative purpose will also refer to interactive objects and situations so they may influence the choice of language. There are different types of emotions influence the choice of language, this is the social rules. The research corpus reflects the choice of language cognition, social and objective constraints of universals can also reflect the choice of language particulars.
This study proposes the language of emotion classification framework and mode selection are considered legal discourse in the language of emotion complexity, verify and supplement the objective principle to a certain extent, conceptual integration theory, evaluation theory and context theory, is also expected to provide some inspiration for jurisprudence and legal practice.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D90-055;H052

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