本文關(guān)鍵詞： 二元社會結(jié)構(gòu) 法律移植 本土資源 城鄉(xiāng)一體化 合作的非法律機制　出處：《西南大學》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：中國自清末以來開始了學習和移植西方法律制度的歷程,然而,移植而來的法律在其適用過程中卻不斷遭遇各種困境,要么在其具體的適用過程中被規(guī)避或無視,要么無法達到法律的預期效果,甚至與立法初衷相悖,尤其表現(xiàn)在一些農(nóng)村地區(qū)。中國的法治道路究竟該如何選擇?如何能夠建立一個城鄉(xiāng)統(tǒng)一的一元法律秩序?學界展開了廣泛的爭論,強調(diào)中國自身本土資源在法治實現(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)性作用與強調(diào)國家法的積極能動作用的學者各抒己見,每一位學者都提出了各種觀點論據(jù)支持己方觀點,卻都忽略了法律背后的社會結(jié)構(gòu)背景以及在此基礎(chǔ)之上的中國的經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)和文化背景。 法律制度的運作是以特定時空環(huán)境下的社會結(jié)構(gòu)背景為依托的,中國在法律適用過程中遭遇的困境,一方面,是由于自古代而延續(xù)至今的城鄉(xiāng)分割的二元社會結(jié)構(gòu)造成的。古代中國城市的起源和性質(zhì)首先決定了城鄉(xiāng)的分野,再加上統(tǒng)治者有鑒于秦亡之教訓,調(diào)整了對農(nóng)村的統(tǒng)治策略,客觀上促成了古代政治型的二元社會結(jié)構(gòu)的形成。及至新中國成立,由于國內(nèi)外政治環(huán)境的壓力,優(yōu)先發(fā)展重工業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略和在農(nóng)村中推行的集體化等一系列措施使得城鄉(xiāng)分割的二元社會結(jié)構(gòu)不但未有消亡,反而以經(jīng)濟型二元社會結(jié)構(gòu)的形式得到加強。于是,在這樣的城鄉(xiāng)二元社會結(jié)構(gòu)背景下,所移植的源自西方工商業(yè)發(fā)達國家的法律制度在中國城市中人們的市場行為中得到了相對順利的施行,保障了中國市場經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展；而在相對更趨傳統(tǒng)和封閉的農(nóng)村社會,經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)的差異和文化觀念的隔閡使得法律不可避免的落入了部分失效的困境。 通過對發(fā)生在農(nóng)村中的一些糾紛解決辦法的案例分析可以看到,在解決糾紛中究竟應以民間法為解決路徑,還是堅持國家制定法的統(tǒng)一適用,在很大程度上取決于案件的具體情況,具有較大的隨意性。而法治的基本要求就在于法律制度的統(tǒng)一性和平等適用性。中國一元法律秩序無法實現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵問題就在于城市和農(nóng)村間經(jīng)濟文化基礎(chǔ)的巨大差異使得法律的運行缺乏一個統(tǒng)一的平臺和保障法律能夠順利被接受的經(jīng)濟文化基礎(chǔ)要素。無論是采取移植西方國家法律的方式,還是以本土資源為基礎(chǔ)制定法律,都需要充分考慮法律制度在統(tǒng)一的社會結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)之上同其自身的經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)和文化背景相契合。只有如此,方才能夠收到法的公平正義價值同效益價值的最大可能的統(tǒng)一 元法律秩序的實現(xiàn)既不是簡單的讓農(nóng)村同城市一樣來適應移植自西方的法律制度,也不是來讓城市去適應農(nóng)村的鄉(xiāng)規(guī)民俗。中國的“理想法律圖景”究竟是何樣需要所有國人的共同選擇、反復博弈,最終達至一個符合最大多數(shù)人需求和利益的法律圖景。而若要實現(xiàn)此一目的,首先要做的是改革現(xiàn)行的戶籍和土地管理制度,建立城鄉(xiāng)一體的勞動力和土地要素市場,以此來打破城鄉(xiāng)二元社會結(jié)構(gòu)的堅冰,為城鄉(xiāng)間的互動與交流創(chuàng)造條件。同時,在中國當前經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和人民收入水平較低的背景下,基于博弈和信息理論的應用,通過制度設(shè)計,法律可以創(chuàng)造條件來建立一套合作的非法律機制,通過這套機制可以最大限度的引導人們進行合作并且實現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定的社會秩序。這也同中國傳統(tǒng)法律文化中強調(diào)合作的觀念相吻合,從而為中國能夠低成本高效益的實現(xiàn)法律秩序提供了一個有益的解決路徑。
[Abstract]:China since the late Qing Dynasty started the course, learning and transplantation of western legal system and legal transplantation, however, in the course of the application has encountered a variety of difficulties, either to avoid or ignore the specific application process, or can not achieve the desired effect of the law, and even contrary to the legislative intention, especially in some the rule of law in rural areas. The road Chinese exactly how to choose? How to establish a unified unitary legal order? Scholars launched an extensive debate on its local resources in China scholars each one airs his own views active role of the basic realization of the rule of law and stressed, every scholar put forward various perspectives of arguments in support of one's own point of view, but ignore the social background behind the law and on the basis of the China economic base and cultural background.
The operation of the legal system is based on the background of social structure in specific time and space environment as the basis, Chinese encountered in the application of the law in the process of the plight of the one hand, is due to two yuan of social structure since ancient times and the continuation of the separation of urban and rural areas. The origin and nature of the ancient city Chinese first determine the division of urban and rural, and with the rulers have given lessons perished, and adjust the rural ruling strategy, the objective is to promote the formation of the two element social structure of ancient political type. Then the new Chinese was established, due to the political environment pressure at home and abroad, a series of measures to give priority to the heavy industry development strategy and implementation in the rural areas of the collective. The two yuan of social division of urban and rural structure has not disappeared, but in the economy two yuan of social structure form has been strengthened. Thus, in the two urban and rural dual social structure background, transplant source The legal system of the western developed countries since the industry has been relatively well implemented in the China city market behavior of people, guarantee the development of China market economy; while in the relatively more traditional and closed rural society, the gap difference of economic foundation and culture makes the law inevitably invalid in some trouble.
Through the analysis we can see some of the disputes in the rural areas in the solution of the case, in settling the dispute whether it should be to the folk law to solve the path, or adhere to the state law, the specific situation depends largely on the case, has great randomness. And the basic requirement of the rule of law lies in the unity and equality of law system. Great differences in key issues China unitary legal order can not be achieved in city and rural economic and cultural foundation makes the operation of the law lack of a unified platform and guarantee law can be accepted by the economic and cultural elements. Whether it is to take the law of western countries the way, or to the local resources as a basis for law, need to fully consider the legal system on the basis of social structure unity with its own economic base and the Only in this way can it be possible to receive the greatest possible unification of the fair and just value of the law and the value of the benefit.
The realization of legal order is not so simple as to adapt to the city legal system from the west of the transplant, also not to let the city to adapt to the golden rule in rural areas. Chinese "Ideal Legal prospect" what needs all Chinese's common choice, repeated game, finally reached a meet the needs and interests of most people's legal picture. To achieve this goal, the first thing to do is to reform the existing household registration and land management system, establishing the integration of urban and rural labor force and land market, in order to break the two urban and rural social structure of the ice, and create conditions for the interaction between cities and countryside. At the same time, Chinese in current economic development and people's income level is relatively low in the background, the application of game theory and information theory based on the design of the system, non legal mechanisms can create conditions to establish a set of cooperation Through this mechanism, can guide people to cooperate and achieve a stable social order. This is also the same Chinese in traditional legal culture emphasizes the concept of cooperation is consistent, thus providing a useful path to the realization of legal order of low cost and high efficiency as the China can.

【學位授予單位】：西南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D920.0

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